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Lumped-parameter closed-loop model of the cardiovascular system. Right and left ventricles (LV) are represented by time-varying elastance elements. LV preload consists of the venous system, pulmonary system, and right and left atrium connected in series. LV afterload is represented by a three-element Windkessel with an arterial compliance (Cs) and resistance (Rs) element. The model is made closed-loop by connecting the arterial flow (Qart) to the preload.
