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Two independent shear piezoelectric responses (15- and 24-mode) and related polarization rotation paths in orthorhombic crystals, where the solid and dotted blue arrows represent the polarization rotation process under perpendicular electric field. The coordinate system of orthorhombic crystal is presented on the top of the figure. The principle axis of orthorhombic phase are notated as [001]O, [010]O, and [100]O, being equal to [011]C, [0–11]C, and [100]C cubic axis, respectively.
