Table 1.

Summary of activities of novel classes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists.

	Punicic acid	Catalpic acid	Abscisic acid
PPAR α reporter activity1	Yes	Yes	No
PPAR γ reporter activity1	Yes	No	Yes
PPAR δ reporter activity1	No	Unknown	No
PPAR γ ligand-binding activity2	Yes	Yes	No
PPAR γin silico Docking3	Yes	Yes	No
Changes in PPAR-responsive genes in vivo4	PPAR α in adipose tissue PPAR γ in skeletal muscle	PPAR α in adipose tissue	PPAR γ in adipose tissue
Efficacy in tissue-specific PPAR γ null mice	Impaired	Unknown	Impaired
PPAR-independent Mechanisms	Modulation of eicosanoid synthesis	Decreases cyclooxygenase-2 expression	Lantionine synthetase component C-like 2, cAMP, and protein kinase A
Proposed utilities	Gut Anti-inflammatory Blood sugar control Immune modulator	Antiobesity Lipid-lowering Anticancer	Systemic anti-inflammatory Blood sugar control Antiatherosclerotic Immune modulator

¹ PPAR α, γ, and δ reporter activity assays were conducted as previously described [22].

² PPAR γ ligand-binding assay was performed using a commercially available competitive tracer displacement kit as previously described [42].

³ Molecular modeling and docking studies were performed as previously described [27, 43].

⁴ PPAR-responsive gene expression was measured in vivo as previously described [12].