Corynebacterium glutamicum |
Lysine |
Glucose (sucrose, fructose) |
13C-MFA |
MFA models (combining transcriptome, metabolome analysis) have been developed to study fluxes under different cultivation modes (minibioreactor, batch, fed-batch) using various carbon sources. |
[107] |
Corynebacterium glutamicum |
Methionine |
Glucose |
13C-MFA only focuses on flux distribution in the methionine pathway. |
The C. glutamicum mutant (mcbR) showed no overproduction of methionine, but accumulation of homolanthionine. |
[108] |
Corynebacterium glutamicum |
Glutamate |
Glucose |
13C-MFA (focus on anaplerotic pathways) |
The flux from phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) was active in the growth phase, whereas pyruvate carboxylase was inactive. |
[109] |
Actinobacillus succinogenes |
Succinate formate and acetate |
Glucose NaHCO3
|
13C-MFA (via NMR and GC-MS) and enzyme assay |
The model indicated (1) NADPH was produced primarily by transhydrogenase and/or by NADP-dependent malic enzyme (2) oxaloacetate and malate were converted to pyruvate (3) the effects of NaHCO3 and H2 on metabolic fluxes were quantified. |
[110, 111] |
Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius |
Ethanol |
Glucose |
FBA and 13C-MFA |
The model characterized the ethanol production under three oxygen conditions. The FBA analysis pointed out several gene targets for improving ethanol production. |
[19] |
Clostridium acetobutylicum |
Butanol |
Glucose |
Genome-scale-FBA |
The engineered strain was able to produce 154 mM butanol with 9.9 mM acetone at pH 5.5, resulting in a butanol selectivity (a molar ratio of butanol to total solvents) of 0.84. |
[112] |
Penicillium chrysogenum |
Penicillin |
Gluconate/glucose |
13C -MFA (focus on pentose phose phase pathway and glycolysis) |
The model determined the pentose-phosphate pathway split ratio and estimated NADPH metabolism. |
[113] |
Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 |
Hydrogen |
CO2
|
FBA |
The results included H2 photoproduction, strategies to avoid oxygen inhibition, and analysis of hetero-, auto-, and mixotrophic metabolisms. |
[114, 115] |
Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 |
Light energy & Biomass |
Glucose/CO2
|
13C-MFA and dynamic 13C -MFA |
The model analyzed heterotrophic, autotrophic and mixotrophic metabolisms. |
[34, 58] |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
Light energy & Biomass |
CO2
|
FBA model including three metabolically active compartments |
The model indicated that heterotrophic growth had a low biomass yield on carbon, while mixotrophical and autotrophical growth had higher carbon utilization efficiency. |
[116] |
Zymomonas mobilis |
Ethanol |
Glucose/xylose |
FBA with various biological objectives |
Model analyzed the metabolic boundaries of Z. mobilis. The study indicated that ethanol and biomass production depend on anaerobic respiration stoichiometry and activity. |
[117] |
Zymomonas mobilis |
Ethanol |
Glucose/fructose/ xylose |
13C–MFA via 1H-NMR 31P-NMR spectroscopy |
The model characterized the intracellular metabolic state during growth on glucose, fructose and xylose in defined continuous cultures. |
[118] |
Coculture (Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Methanococcus maripaludis) |
CH4
|
Lactate |
FBA analysis of microbial consortia |
The model predicted the ratio of D. vulgaris to M. maripaludis cells during growth. It was possible to eliminate formate as an interspecies electron shuttle, but H2 transfer was essential for syntrophic growth. |
[55] |
Community (oxygenic phototrophs, filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs, and sulfate-reducing bacteria). |
Biomass and nitrogen fixation |
CO2
|
FBA and elementary mode analysis |
The model predicted and described relative abundances of species, by-products, and the metabolic interactions. |
[54] |
Phaffia rhodozyma and Haematococcus pluvialis |
Astaxanthin |
Glucose with (peptone & yeast extract) |
FBA analysis of mix culture |
The two major astaxanthin-producing microorganisms exhibited elevated yields (2.8-fold) under mixed culture conditions compared to pure culture. |
[119] |