Table 1.

Participant characteristics at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. Data are given as mean (s.d.) or n (%). AGT is defined by fasting glucose ≥6.1 mmol/l and/or 2 h glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l.

	Normal glucose tolerance (NGT)			Abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT)		P for change, effect of*
	Control (n=29)	Surgery (n=34)	Lifestyle (n=33)	Surgery (n=30)	Lifestyle (n=22)	Treatment choice	Glucose tolerance
Age (years)	42.6 (8.7)	39.0 (9.6)	43.2 (11.6)	43.5 (10.3)	51.3 (8.1)†,‡
Gender (female, yes)	19 (66%)	23 (67%)	24 (73%)	22 (73%)	15 (68%)
BMI (kg/m2)
Baseline	22.6 (1.5)	47.2 (5.3)†	43.3 (5.2)†,‡	47.3 (6.0)†	43.5 (4.5)†,‡
1 year		33.1 (5.1)∥	39.6 (6.3)∥	33.1 (5.4)∥	39.4 (4.0)∥	<0.001	0.740
HbAlc (%)
Baseline	5.3 (0.3)	5.2 (0.3)	5.3 (0.3)	5.9 (0.6)†,§	5.9 (0.4)†,§
1 year		5.2 (0.4)	5.3 (0.3)	5.4 (0.3)∥	5.7 (0.5)∥	0.103	<0.001
HOMA-S (%)
Baseline	71.0 (23.9)	32.0 (24.3)†	31.8 (14.0)†	21.0 (7.4)†,§	23.8 (8.6)†,§
1 year		67.1 (33.6)∥	43.5 (19.9)∥	60.0 (29.9)∥	33.1 (15.7)∥	<0.001	0.793
First phaseest (pM)
Baseline	1348 (455)	2693 (906)†	2406 (942)†	2238 (931)†	2096 (1041)†,§
1 year		2366 (710)∥	2077 (903)∥	1785 (728)∥	1873 (683)	0.463	0.762
Total AUCIns/Gluc (pmol/mmol)
Baseline	53.1 (22.4)	104.4 (36.6)†	96.5 (42.8)†	77.4 (34.6)†,§	72.9 (28.1)†,§
1 year		97.2 (32.7)	78.7 (38.7)∥	70.5 (30.6)	71.0 (26.3)	0.614	0.155
ΔIns30/ΔGluc30 (pmol/mmol)a
Baseline	147 (96)	230 (100)†	216 (123)†	144 (99)§	119 (62)§
1 year		256 (139)	249 (167)	172 (153)	149 (111)	0.842	0.993

AUC, area under the curve; Ins, insulin; Gluc, glucose. *P value for the effect of treatment choice and glucose tolerance status at baseline on change in the variables, two-way ANOVA. Between-group differences at baseline, one-way ANOVA with post hoc comparison (LSD): ^†P<0.05 versus control group; ^‡P<0.05 versus surgery group in the same glucose tolerance group; and ^§P<0.05 versus NGT group in the same treatment group. Within group differences, paired samples t-test: ^∥P<0.05.

^aFive subjects were excluded due to negative or extremely high values.