Table 1.

Inducers of GRIM-19.

Inducer	Time	Outcome
Live bacteria and bacterial components (cell wall proteins, LPS etc)	2–16 h	Immunity
Ischemia	~24 h	Stress modulation
IFN-β- RA combination	16–48 h	Growth control

Although GRIM-19 was identified as a cell death mediator in IFN-β/RA-induced growth-suppressive effect, this gene can be induced by diverse stimuli—the fastest being by bacteria followed by ischemia and IFN-β/RA. The signaling pathway proteins involved in any of the above-mentioned pathways is not known completely.