Table 2.
Age-adjusted percent with ADL, IADL, and functioning difficulties by gender and country; ORs indicating effect of being female on ADL, IADL, and functioning difficultiesa
| Country | ADL |
IADL |
Functioning |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | ORb | ORc | Males | Females | ORb | ORc | Males | Females | ORb | ORc | |
| Austria | 8.9 | 10.0 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 13.6 | 20.9 | 1.81 | 1.88 | 45.8 | 57.4 | 1.63 | 1.80 |
| (0.88–1.53) | (0.89–1.57) | (1.40–2.35) | (1.46–2.43) | (1.39–1.92) | (1.49–2.17) | |||||||
| Belgium | 10.7 | 15.4 | 1.61 | 1.75 | 14.9 | 23.0 | 1.86 | 2.11 | 41.2 | 57.2 | 2.00 | 2.46 |
| (1.28–2.02) | (1.38–2.22) | (1.56–2.21) | (1.72–2.59) | (1.75–2.29) | (2.13–2.84) | |||||||
| Denmark | 10.8 | 10.3 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 13.4 | 21.1 | 1.84 | 1.88 | 36.5 | 49.9 | 1.79 | 2.05 |
| (0.66–1.29) | (0.64–1.28) | (1.38–2.45) | (1.39–2.54) | (1.45–2.21) | (1.64–2.57) | |||||||
| France | 13.5 | 10.8 | 0.77 | 0.87 | 14.0 | 19.1 | 1.56 | 1.50 | 39.9 | 57.1 | 2.23 | 2.64 |
| (0.62–0.97) | (0.67–1.12) | (1.25–1.94) | (1.20–1.87) | (1.98–2.50) | (2.29–3.05) | |||||||
| Germany | 9.9 | 10.8 | 1.10 | 1.14 | 12.9 | 17.1 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 49.7 | 59.6 | 1.57 | 1.71 |
| (0.81–1.48) | (0.81–1.60) | (1.16–1.81) | (1.13–1.85) | (1.35–1.83) | (1.45–2.02) | |||||||
| Greece | 7.3 | 10.7 | 1.63 | 1.86 | 12.2 | 24.8 | 2.94 | 2.92 | 45.5 | 63.5 | 2.36 | 2.60 |
| (1.21–2.18) | (1.31–2.64) | (2.32–3.73) | (2.23–3.83) | (1.99–2.80) | (2.15–3.14) | |||||||
| Italy | 10.7 | 12.3 | 1.20 | 1.24 | 10.3 | 18.6 | 2.20 | 2.02 | 44.6 | 58.1 | 1.83 | 2.21 |
| (0.88–1.65) | (0.90–1.72) | (1.64–2.94) | (1.44–2.82) | (1.55–2.17) | (1.77–2.77) | |||||||
| Netherlands | 7.5 | 10.0 | 1.46 | 1.43 | 12.0 | 21.0 | 2.11 | 2.07 | 34.1 | 51.1 | 2.14 | 2.21 |
| (1.12–1.90) | (1.07–1.92) | (1.70–2.60) | (1.63–2.63) | (1.81–2.53) | (1.86–2.64) | |||||||
| Spain | 10.3 | 13.0 | 1.36 | 1.31 | 17.1 | 27.2 | 1.97 | 1.92 | 43.5 | 62.4 | 2.43 | 2.63 |
| (1.05–1.76) | (0.89–1.91) | (1.61–2.42) | (1.41–2.61) | (2.00–2.96) | (2.06–3.38) | |||||||
| Sweden | 8.0 | 10.8 | 1.38 | 1.32 | 11.5 | 19.8 | 1.99 | 1.98 | 36.1 | 53.1 | 2.18 | 2.37 |
| (1.11–1.73) | (1.03–1.69) | (1.75–2.27) | (1.81–2.16) | (1.87–2.54) | (2.03–2.77) | |||||||
| Switzerland | 5.1 | 8.7 | 1.82 | 2.13 | 5.4 | 11.6 | 2.43 | 2.74 | 31.0 | 46.4 | 2.07 | 2.47 |
| (1.04–3.18) | (1.15–3.94) | (1.44–4.11) | (1.53–4.89) | (1.55–2.75) | (1.80–3.39) | |||||||
| Total SHARE | 9. 7 | 11.6 | 1.25 (1.13–1.38) | 1.28 (1.15–1.42) | 13.1 | 20.9 | 1.92 (1.78–2.06) | 1.92 (1.77–2.09) | 41.3 | 56.8 | 2.00 (1.90–2.10) | 2.22 (2.08–2.37) |
| US (HRS) | 13.0 | 16.6 | 1.38 (1.25–1.52) | 1.43 (1.29–1.59) | 12.7 | 20.1 | 1.76 (1.61–1.93) | 1.79 (1.62–1.97) | 59.8 | 72.0 | 1.82 (1.69–1.97) | 2.04 (1.88–2.21) |
| England (ELSA) | 17.3 | 20.7 | 1.25 (1.12–1.39) | 1.28 (1.14–1.44) | 16.5 | 24.0 | 1.67 (1.50–1.85) | 1.75 (1.56–1.96) | 49.8 | 64.4 | 1.89 (1.74–2.06) | 2.06 (1.88–2.25) |
Source: SHARE (2004), HRS (2004), and ELSA (2004).
a: ADL functions include walking across a room, getting in and out of bed, bathing or showering, eating (such as cutting up your food), dressing (including putting on shoes and socks) and using the toilet (including getting up or down). IADL abilities include using a map to figure out how to get around in a strange place, preparing a hot meal, shopping for groceries, making telephone calls, taking medications, managing money, such as paying bills and keeping track of expenses. In SHARE, IADLs also include doing work around the house or garden.
b: With age controlled.
c: With age, current and past smoking and overweight, and obese controlled.