Table 2.
Changes in Primary and Secondary Outcomes.* Data presented as mean (95% CI).
| Improvement from Baseline | Between Group Differences | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Tai Chi (n=20) | Control (n=20) | Tai Chi vs. Control | P-value† | |
|
PRIMARY OUTCOME WOMAC-Pain, 0–500 mm‡ |
|||||
| Week 12 | −157.25 (−203.11 to −111.39) | −38.45 (−84.31 to 7.41) | −118.80 (−183.66 to −53.94) | 0.0005 | |
| Week 24 | −131.55 (−177.41 to −85.69) | −64.60 (−110.46 to −18.74) | −66.95 (−131.81 to −2.09) | 0.05 | |
| Week 48 | −115.35 (−161.21 to −69.49) | −69.20 (−115.06 to −23.34) | −46.15 (−111.01 to 18.71) | 0.2 | |
| SECONDARY OUTCOMES | |||||
|
WOMAC-Physical Function, 0–1700 mm‡ |
|||||
| Week 12 | −506.75 (−640.66 to −372.84) | −182.15 (−316.06 to −48.24) | −324.60 (−513.98 to −135.22) | 0.001 | |
| Week 24 | −440.50 (−574.41 to −306.59) | −257.30 (−391.21 to −123.39) | −183.20 (−372.58 to 6.18) | 0.06 | |
| Week 48 | −405.85 (−539.76 to −271.94) | −300.55 (−434.46 to −166.64) | −105.30 (−294.68 to 84.08) | 0.3 | |
| WOMAC-Stiffness, 0–200 mm‡ | |||||
| Week 12 | −73.05 (−94.36 to −51.74) | −50.15 (−71.46 to −28.84) | −22.90 (−53.04 to 7.24) | 0.1 | |
| Week 24 | −65.00 (−86.31 to −43.69) | −50.20 (−71.51 to −28.89) | −14.80 (−44.94 to 15.34) | 0.3 | |
| Week 48 | −64.15 (−85.46 to −42.84) | −60.50 (−81.81 to −39.19) | −3.65 (−33.79 to 26.49) | 0.8 | |
| Physician, 0– 10 cm VAS‡ | |||||
| Week 12 | −3.14 (−3.88 to −2.41) | −1.44 (−2.18 to −0.70) | −1.71 (−2.75 to −0.66) | 0.002 | |
| Week 24 | −2.59 (−3.33 to −1.86) | −2.06 (−2.80 to −1.32) | −0.53 (−1.58 to 0.51) | 0.3 | |
| Week 48 | −2.53 (−3.27 to −1.80) | −1.50 (−2.25 to −0.75) [19] | −1.03 (−2.09 to 0.02) | 0.06 | |
| Patient Global, 0– 10 cm VAS‡ | |||||
| Week 12 | −2.98 (−4.16 to −1.80) | −0.83 (−2.00 to 0.35) | −2.15 (−3.82 to −0.49) | 0.01 | |
| Week 24 | −2.36 (−3.53 to −1.18) | −1.71 (−2.89 to −0.53) | −0.65 (−2.31 to 1.02) | 0.4 | |
| Week 48 | −1.65 (−2.83 to −0.48) | −1.70 (−2.87 to −0.52) | 0.04 (−1.62 to 1.70) | 1.0 | |
| 6 Minute Walk Test (yards)§ | |||||
| Week 12 | 48.33 (11.15 to 85.50) [18] | −1.76 (−50.70 to 47.18) | 50.08 (−10.34 to 110.50) | 0.1 | |
| Week 24 | 53.12 (10.04 to 96.21) [19] | 9.41 (−33.48 to 52.30) | 43.71 (−15.07 to 102.50) | 0.1 | |
| Week 48 | 35.17 (−17.29 to 87.64) [19] | 20.56 (−20.73 to 61.85) [19] | 14.61 (−49.36 to 78.59) | 0.7 | |
| Balance Score, 0–5§ | |||||
| Week 12 | 0.15 (−0.16 to 0.46) | 0.25 (−0.06 to 0.56) | −0.10 (−0.54 to 0.34) | 0.7 | |
| Week 24 | 0.15 (−0.16 to 0.46) | 0.08 (−0.24 to 0.39) | 0.07 (−0.37 to 0.52) | 0.7 | |
| Week 48 | 0.35 (0.04 to 0.66) | 0.46 (0.14 to 0.77) [19] | −0.11 (−0.55 to 0.34) | 0.6 | |
| Chair Stand Time (seconds)‡ | |||||
| Week 12 | −12.03 (−15.60 to −8.46) [19] | −1.15 (−4.70 to 2.40) [19] | −10.88 (−15.91 to −5.84) | 0.00005 | |
| Week 24 | −9.87 (−13.44 to −6.30) [19] | −4.75 (−8.30 to −1.20) [19] | −5.12 (−10.15 to −0.08) | 0.05 | |
| Week 48 | −9.22 (−12.79 to −5.65) [19] | −3.24 (−6.85 to 0.37) [18] | −5.98 (−11.06 to −0.91) | 0.02 | |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | |||||
| Week 12 | 0.04 (−0.27 to 0.36) | −0.17 (−0.51 to 0.17) | 0.21 (−0.23 to 0.66) | 0.34 | |
| Week 24 | 0.10 (−0.37 to 0.57) | −0.02 (−0.38 to 0.34) | 0.13 (−0.45 to 0.70) | 0.66 | |
| Week 48 | −0.07 (−0.54 to 0.40) | −0.29 (−0.72 to 0.15) | 0.22 (− 0.40 to 0.84) | 0.48 | |
| SF-36 Mental Component Summary, 0–100§ | |||||
| Week 12 | 2.14 (−2.35 to 6.64) | 1.93 (−2.56 to 6.43) | 0.21 (−6.15 to 6.57) | 0.9 | |
| Week 24 | 4.39 (−0.11 to 8.89) | 4.50 (0.00 to 9.00) | −0.11 (−6.47 to 6.25) | 1.0 | |
| Week 48 | 5.80 (1.31 to 10.30) | 1.04 (−3.46 to 5.53) | 4.77 (−1.59 to 11.13) | 0.1 | |
| SF-36 Physical Component Summary, 0–100§ | |||||
| Week 12 | 11.57 (8.08 to 15.06) | 4.14 (0.65 to 7.63) | 7.43 (2.50 to 12.36) | 0.004 | |
| Week 24 | 10.80 (7.31 to 14.29) | 6.29 (2.80 to 9.77) | 4.51 (−0.42 to 9.45) | 0.08 | |
| Week 48 | 10.41 (6.92 to 13.90) | 4.10 (0.61 to 7.58) | 6.32 (1.38 to 11.25) | 0.01 | |
| CES-D, 0–60‡ | |||||
| Week 12 | −7.40 (−10.88 to −3.92) | −0.70 (−4.18 to 2.78) | −6.70 (−11.63 to −1.77) | 0.009 | |
| Week 24 | −6.40 (−9.88 to −2.92) | −1.10 (−4.58 to 2.38) | −5.30 (−10.23 to −0.37) | 0.04 | |
| Week 48 | −7.25 (−10.73 to −3.77) | 1.65 (−1.83 to 5.13) | −8.90 (−13.83 to −3.97) | 0.0006 | |
| Self-Efficacy Score, 1–5§ | |||||
| Week 12 | 0.60 (0.12 to 1.08) | −0.11 (−0.59 to 0.37) | 0.71 (0.03 to 1.39) | 0.04 | |
| Week 24 | 0.68 (0.20 to 1.16) | −0.17 (−0.65 to 0.31) | 0.85 (0.17 to 1.53) | 0.02 | |
| Week 48 | 0.72 (0.24 to 1.20) | −0.24 (−0.72 to 0.24) | 0.96 (0.28 to 1.64) | 0.007 | |
*
N=20 except where specified by data in square brackets. WOMAC= Western Ontario and McMaster Universities; VAS= Visual Analogue Scale; SF-36= Short-Form health survey; CES-D= Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression index.
†
P values were calculated by the t-test for continuous variables.
‡
Lower scores indicate improved state.
§
Higher scores indicate improved state.