Table 1.
The changing face of Clostridium difficile infection?
| CDI | Pre-2000 | 2000-present | Reference |
| The data presented below are representative; specific references are thus provided where appropriate. | |||
| Rate (USA)—all adults | 5.5 cases/10,000 population (2000) | 11.2 cases/10,000 population (2005) | 142 |
| Rate (USA)—elderly (>65) | 13.7 cases/10,000 population (1993) | 38.8 cases/10,000 population (2004) | 143 |
| Mortality (USA) | 5.7 per million (1999) | 23.7 per million (2004) | 142, 144 |
| 1.2% (2000) | 2.2% (2004) | ||
| Mortality (Canada) | 4.5% (1991) | 22% (2004)—outbreak associated | 145 |
| Risk factors | Antibiotics, age, multiple co-morbidities, immune-compromising conditions, IL-8 polymorphism | Antibiotics, age, multiple co-morbidities, immune-compromising conditions, IL-8 polymorphism, PPIs (?) | 5, 97 |
| Recurrence | ∼20% after first episode | ∼33% (and up to 45% for multiple episodes) | 23 |
| Outbreaks | Infrequently associated with NAP1/027 strains | Frequently associated with NAP1/027 strains, especially in the USA, Canada, UK | 5 |
| Community-acquired | <1 case/100,000 population (UK) 1994 | 22 cases/100,000 population (2004); U.K. | 82, 83, 146 |
| 8–12 cases/100,000 population (USA) | 6.9 cases/100,000 population (2006); Connecticut | ||
| 7.6 cases/100,000 population (2005); Philadelphia | |||
| CDI in children, young adults and peripartum women (USA) | Children: 7.24 cases/10,000 hospitalizations (1997) | Children: 12.8 cases/10,000 hospitalizations (2006) | 14, 94 |
| Peripartum women: 0.02% (1985–1995) | Peripartum women: 24 cases reported (2003–2009) | ||