Table 2.
Potential effector molecules derived from probiotics
| Bacteria | Molecule | Effect | References |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Secreted factors by L. reuteri biofilms | Suppression of human TNF production by LPS-activated monocytoid cells | 54 |
| L. reuteri | Secretion of reuterin (antimicrobial glycerol derivative) by L. reuteri biofilms | Secretion of reuterin by biofilms demonstrated | 54 |
| Intestinal bacteria | Butyrate (a short chain fatty acid) | Increased intestinal barrier function in Caco2 cell lines | 55 |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM | S layer protein | DC-SIGN ligand involved in the modulation of DCs and T cells functions | 56 |
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | F. prausnitzii supernatant | Reduced the severity of TNBS colitis and tended to correct the dysbiosis associated with TNBS colitis | 57 |
| Lactobacillus casei Shirota | Cell wall polysaccharide moiety | Inhibit macrophage and splenocyte activity | 58 |
| Bifidobacteria infantis | B. infantis conditioned medium | Reduced colonic permeability in mice and attenuated inflammation in IL-10-deficient mice | 10 |
| Lactobacillus helveticus | S layer protein | Inhibition of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 adherence to intestinal cell lines | 59 |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Modified teichoic acids | Increased sensitivity to gastric juice and human beta-defensin-2 but no difference in immunomodulation | 60 |
| L. rhamnosus GG | P40 and P75 secreted proteins | Prevention of cytokine-induced apoptosis in human and mouse intestinal epithelial cells | 11 |
| Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118 | Secretion of bacteriocin Abp118 | Protected mice against infection with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes | 61 |
| Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | Flagellin | Induction of beta-defensin-2 in intestinal cell lines | 62 |
| Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 | GroEL | Bind to components of the gastrointestinal mucosa and stimulates interleukin-8 secretion in macrophages and HT29 cells in a CD14-dependent mechanism | 63 |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R | Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) | Stimulation of mouse splenocytes and significant increase in interferon-gamma production | 64 |
| Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB8826 | Modified teichoic acids | Protective against colitis | 23 |
| L. johnsonii NCC533 | Adhesin; elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) | Mucin binding, proinflammatory response in the presence of soluble CD14 | 65 |