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Bioactivity-directed fractionation of cranberry, and inhibitory effects on intestinal CYP3A activity in vitro, as measured by midazolam 1′-hydroxylation. Circled fractions were carried forward in purification processes. Bars denote means of duplicate incubations using HIM as the enzyme source. Ketoconazole (1 μM) was used as a positive control for CYP3A inhibition and inhibited activity by >90%.
