Table 1.
Neuromodulation Technique | Neurocognitive Effects |
---|---|
Electroconvulsive Therapy | Retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, postictal disorientation |
| |
Ablative Surgery | |
Anterior Capsulotomy | Possible impairment in emotion recognition, set shifting, verbal fluency, and working memory |
Anterior Cingulotomy | Mixed reports, with some studies showing impairments in executive functioning, and others reporting improvements in executive functioning |
Stereotactic Subcaudate Tractotomy | Possible transient wide spread frontal impairment (potentially associated with post-operative edema) |
Limbic Leucotomy | No neurocognitive impairment on the WAIS; possible improvements in WAIS Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ Scores (potentially associated with practice effects) |
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | Mixed reports, with most studies reporting no impairments, but some studies finding mild reductions in sustained attention, spatial planning, and verbal retention; possible improvements in global cognitive awareness, manual motor speed, simple reaction time, verbal learning, attention, processing speed, verbal fluency, autobiographical memory, visual learning, working memory, and executive functioning |
| |
Magnetic Seizure Therapy | Minimal retrograde amnesia, minimal anterograde amnesia, rapid postictal reorientation |
| |
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation | No neurocognitive impairment in psychomotor speed, working memory, attention, recognition memory, or executive functioning; possible improvement in working memory |
| |
Vagus Nerve Stimulation | No neurocognitive impairment in attention, psychomotor speed, verbal fluency, memory, or executive functioning; possible improvement in psychomotor speed, language, and executive functioning (potentially associated with mood improvement) |
| |
Deep Brain Stimulation | |
Subcallosal cingulate white matter (SCCwm) | No neurocognitive impairment in verbal IQ, attention, psychomotor speed, risk taking, memory, or executive functioning; possible improvement in verbal and visual memory, manual motor speed, and verbal learning in patients performing below average at baseline (not apparently associated with mood improvement) |
Ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS) | No neurocognitive impairment in general intellectual ability, language, processing speed, executive functioning, learning, or memory; possible improvement in verbal learning (not apparently associated with mood improvement) |
Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) | No neurocognitive impairment in general intellectual ability, language, processing speed, executive functioning, learning, or memory |
Inferior thalamic peduncle (ITP) | No changes in visual attention, visuoconstructive perception, verbal fluency or abstraction; possible improvements in manual praxis and verbal/nonverbal memory |
Lateral Habenula (LHb) | No data available |