Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies

Study	Population	Exclusion Criteria	Comparison	Quality Score (PEDro)
Fontana (2005)26	Healthy men/women (n=25) Age: 19–21 yrs	Pregnancy Acute thrombosis Cardiovascular conditions Open wound Joint replacement Prosthesis Spinal pathology Diabetes Epilepsy Acute migraine Acute inflammation Pacemaker Tumour	Static semi-squat position, no vibration	6/10
Iwamoto (2005)27	Osteoporotic women with chronic LBP (n=50) Age: 55–88 yrs	Knee osteoarthritis Degenerative thoracic or lumbar conditions LBP not related to osteoporosis Total knee/hip arthroplasty	Medication only (Alendronate)	6/10
Rittweger (2002)20	Men and women with chronic LBP (n=60) Age: 40–60 yrs	Vertebral osteoporosis Spinal tumour Acute disc dysfunction Recent spinal fracture Acute inflammation Cauda equina syndrome Progressive neurological conditions Rheumatoid arthritis Bone-related diseases Heart failure Recent abdominal surgery Hip/knee replacement or prosthesis Aortic aneurysm Recent thrombosis Arterial disease Pregnancy	Lumbar extension exercises, sit-ups, and leg presses	3/10

LBP=low back pain