TABLE 2.
Relative risk (95% CI) of type 2 diabetes risk according to white rice intake in the HPFS, NHS I, and NHS II.
| White rice (servings/time) |
P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1/mo | 1–3/mo | 1/wk | 2–4/wk | ≥5/wk | ||
| HPFS | ||||||
| Number of cases | 320 | 1150 | 537 | 553 | 88 | |
| Person-year | 101899 | 299985 | 161667 | 120197 | 19172 | |
| Model 1* | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) | 1.35 (1.17, 1.55) | 1.37 (1.08, 1.74) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2† | 1.0 | 1.08 (0.95, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | 1.30 (1.12, 1.49) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) | 0.03 |
| Model 3‡ | 1.0 | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | 1.30 (1.12, 1.50) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.34) | 0.08 |
| NHS I | ||||||
| Number of cases | 415 | 2744 | 1183 | 1062 | 96 | |
| Person-year | 145718 | 691609 | 327215 | 221681 | 18150 | |
| Model 1* | 1.0 | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | 1.34 (1.07, 1.67) | 0.0005 |
| Model 2† | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) | 1.16 (1.03, 1.30) | 1.22 (0.96, 1.56) | 0.0004 |
| Model 3‡ | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.43) | 0.02 |
| NHS II | ||||||
| Number of cases | 248 | 924 | 585 | 500 | 102 | |
| Person-year | 134505 | 480405 | 324961 | 237765 | 33267 | |
| Model 1* | 1.0 | 0.82 (0.72, 0.95) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.96) | 1.27 (1.01, 1.60) | 0.03 |
| Model 2† | 1.0 | 0.93 (0.81, 1.07) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.11) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | 1.43 (1.12, 1.83) | 0.005 |
| Model 3‡ | 1.0 | 0.93 (0.81, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | 1.40 (1.09, 1.80) | 0.01 |
| Pooled | ||||||
| Fixed effects model‡ | 1.0 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.20) | 1.17 (1.02, 1.36) | <0.0001 |
| Pheterogeneity | - | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.87 |
Age-adjusted.
Age (yr), ethnicity (Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and Asian), BMI (<21 kg/m2, 21–22.9 kg/m2, 23–24.9 kg/m2, 25–26.9 kg/m2, 27–29.9 kg/m2, 30–32.9 kg/m2, 33–34.9 kg/m2, or ≥35 kg/m2), smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, currently smoke 1–14 cigarettes/day, 15–24 cigarettes/day, or ≥25 cigarettes/day), alcohol intake (0 g/day, 0.1–4.9 g/day, 5.0–9.9 g/day, 10.0–14.9 g/day, 15.0–29.9 g/day, and ≥30 g/day for men; 0 g/day, 0.1–4.9 g/day, 5.0–9.9 g/day, 10.0–14.9 g/day, ≥15 g/day for women), multivitamin use (yes, no), physical activities (quintiles), family history of diabetes. For women, postmenopausal status and hormone use, and oral conceptive use were further adjusted for.
Based on model 2, model 3 was further adjusted for total energy (kcal/day) and intake of red meat, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and coffee (all in quintiles).