Table 2.

Content of the water-based (hydrotherapy) exercise group

	Duration/no. of repetitions	Exercise
Warm up	5 mins	• Walking forwards/backwards/sideways • Jogging on spot, kicking heels to buttocks • Jumping jacks, stride jumping • Joint ROM*- neck rotation/side flexion, shoulder rolls, wrist/hand ROM, trunk rotation
Upper limb	10-20 reps	• BE* shoulder horizontal ab/adduction • BE shoulder glides into abduction • BE shoulder pro/retraction ( elbow flexion/extension) and BE shoulder extension • BA* shoulder stretch at wall into abduction and flexion (30 secs hold x 2 reps) • TR* shoulder flexion/extension, ab/adduction, horizontal ab/adduction • TR elbow flexion/extension Encouraging scapular stability and trunk stability with all upper limb exercises
Lower limb	10-20 reps	• BA hamstring stretch (30 secs hold x 2) • BA hip adductor/flexor stretch (30 sec hold × 2) • TR hip flexion/extension, ab/adduction • TR knee flexion/extension • Single leg cycling Encouraging trunk stability with all lower limb exercises
Back	10 reps	• Hanging on wall- Lumbar flexion, extension, rotation, side flexion • Standing at wall- Trunk flexion/extension • Transversus abdominus contraction while pushing float under water
Aerobic	10-15 mins (circuit - 5 stations × 2-3 mins)	• Station 1 = Aqua-jogging with running belt • Station 2 = Step ups • Station 3 = Jogging lengths of pool • Station 4 = Cycling lengths of pool sitting on woggle • Station 5 = Jogging on spot
Cool down	5 mins	• Walking forwards/backwards/sideways • Posterior shoulder stretch and tricep stretch (30 sec hold x 2) • Quads stretch (30 sec hold × 2) • Hip adductor stretch in standing- transfer weight

*ROM = range of movement, BE= buoyancy eliminated, B A = buoyancy assisted, BR = buoyancy resisted, TR= turbulence resisted