Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study cohort stratified according to occurrence of cancer during follow-up period
| Noncancer (n = 2,529) | Cancer (n = 129) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline variables |
|||
| Age (years) |
55 (44–66) |
64 (55–72) |
<0.0001* |
| Male sex |
1,236 (48.9) |
71 (55.0) |
0.1718† |
| Employment status |
<0.0001† |
||
| Full-time |
926 (36.6) |
29 (22.5) |
|
| Housewife |
699 (27.6) |
36 (27.9) |
|
| Retired |
654 (25.9) |
58 (50.0) |
|
| Other |
250 (9.9) |
6 (4.7) |
|
| Smoking status |
0.0046† |
||
| Ex-smoker |
365 (14.4) |
26 (20.2) |
|
| Current smoker |
390 (15.4) |
30 (23.3) |
|
| Alcohol intake |
0.0030† |
||
| Ex-drinker |
298 (11.8) |
28 (21.7) |
|
| Current drinker |
198 (7.8) |
7 (5.4) |
|
| BMI (kg/m2) |
24.3 (22.0–26.5) |
23.9 (22.2–26.4) |
0.6937* |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
4 (1–9) |
5 (2–12) |
0.0180* |
| SBP (mmHg) |
132 (120–146) |
134 (125–148) |
0.0827* |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
75 (68–82) |
75 (67–82) |
0.9706* |
| A1C (%) |
6.9 (6.1–8.2) |
7.2 (6.1–8.6) |
0.2575* |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) |
3.20 (2.60–3.80) |
2.30 (2.90–3.74) |
0.0154* |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) |
1.26 (1.07–1.52) |
1.25 (0.99–1.53) |
0.3760* |
| HDL cholesterol <1.0 mmol/L |
398 (15.7) |
35 (27.1) |
0.0006 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) |
1.26 (0.9–1.86) |
1.16 (0.84–1.66) |
0.0700* |
| ACR (mg/mmol) |
1.54 (0.67–8.54) |
3.07 (0.93–11.04) |
0.0063* |
| Albuminuria |
968 (38.3) |
64 (49.6) |
0.0100† |
| Estimate GFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) |
105.5 (84.0–127.7) |
99.8 (81.6–118.8) |
0.1047* |
| Events and medications during follow-up§ | |||
| Death (all-cause) |
188 (7.4) |
68 (52.4) |
<0.0001† |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs |
1,198 (47.4) |
55 (42.6) |
0.2933† |
| Statins |
817 (32.3) |
17 (13.2) |
<0.0001† |
| Fibrates |
206 (8.2) |
7 (5.4) |
0.2672† |
| Other lipid-lowering drugs |
12 (0.5) |
0 (0.0) |
1.0‡ |
| Acarbose |
143 (9.5) |
5 (2.5) |
0.3902† |
| Glibenclamide |
537 (21.2) |
25 (19.4) |
0.6150† |
| Gliclazide |
1,001 (39.6) |
41 (31.8) |
0.0768† |
| Glimepiride |
15 (0.6) |
1 (0.8) |
0.5499‡ |
| Glipizide |
217 (8.6) |
21 (16.3) |
0.0028† |
| Metformin |
1,226 (48.5) |
40 (31.0) |
<0.0001† |
| Duration of metformin use (years)ξ |
3.09 (1.21–5.65) |
1.21 (0.57–3.57) |
0.0008* |
| Mean daily metformin dosage (g)ξ |
1.01 (0.82–1.56) |
1.05 (0.64–1.42) |
0.1981* |
| Pioglitazone |
19 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
1.0‡ |
| Rosiglitazone |
72 (2.8) |
1 (0.9) |
0.2618‡ |
| Tolbutamide |
19 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
1.0‡ |
| Follow-up time (years) | 5.70 (3.23–7.44) | 2.52 (1.09–4.51) | <0.0001† |
Data are median (25th to 75th percentile) or n (%).
*Derived from Wilcoxon two-sample test.
†Derived from χ2 test.
‡Derived from Fisher exact test.
§From enrollment to the earliest date of cancer, death, or censoring.
ξAmong metformin users only.