Table 1.
Participant characteristics and risk-factor distribution by quintiles of CAL and periodontal pocket depth in U.S. adults, NHANES III, 1988–1994
| Total (n = 12,254) | CAL |
Pocket depth |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | |
| N | 2,412 | 2,493 | 2,465 | 2,431 | 2,453 | 2,451 | 2,413 | 2,512 | 2,429 | 2,449 |
| Age (%) | ||||||||||
| 20-44 years | 88.8 | 78.3 | 68.3 | 47.7 | 22.0 | 63.4 | 65.7 | 65.6 | 65.9 | 58.0 |
| 45-64 years | 9.6 | 18.0 | 23.3 | 35.6 | 47.5 | 24.3 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 23.2 | 31.0 |
| ≥65 years | 1.6 | 3.7 | 8.4 | 16.7 | 30.5 | 12.3 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 |
| Sex (%) | ||||||||||
| Male | 45.2 | 47.2 | 47.8 | 53.9 | 59.9 | 36.7 | 48.0 | 55.0 | 56.1 | 62.1 |
| Female | 54.8 | 52.8 | 52.2 | 46.1 | 40.1 | 63.3 | 52.0 | 45.0 | 43.9 | 37.9 |
| Race (%) | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 77.6 | 74.9 | 76.0 | 74.3 | 72.0 | 81.4 | 79.5 | 76.7 | 69.6 | 61.2 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 10.2 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 10.2 | 14.7 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 9.5 | 14.4 | 21.4 |
| Mexican American | 6.3 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 7.9 |
| Others | 6.0 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 10.4 | 9.1 | 7.3 | 8.6 | 7.5 | 9.3 | 9.5 |
| Education level (%) | ||||||||||
| ≤6 years | 2.3 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 9.8 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 9.3 |
| 7-12 years | 43.5 | 43.7 | 48.1 | 52.8 | 60.1 | 44.8 | 42.7 | 47.2 | 53.3 | 63.7 |
| ≥13 years | 54.1 | 52.6 | 48.1 | 41.8 | 30.1 | 52.0 | 54.6 | 48.5 | 40.9 | 27.0 |
| Income poverty ratio (%)* | ||||||||||
| Lower (≤1.5) | 19.5 | 21.0 | 17.8 | 19.7 | 25.2 | 16.6 | 16.8 | 17.3 | 23.8 | 33.5 |
| Middle (≤3.0) | 29.7 | 31.3 | 32.1 | 31.5 | 34.9 | 26.8 | 30.1 | 32.8 | 34.5 | 37.7 |
| Higher (>3.0) | 50.8 | 47.7 | 50.1 | 48.8 | 39.9 | 56.6 | 53.1 | 49.8 | 41.8 | 28.7 |
| Number of missing teeth (%)† | ||||||||||
| 0 | 73.0 | 63.4 | 52.9 | 42.9 | 32.9 | 59.9 | 59.0 | 57.0 | 51.3 | 38.3 |
| 1-5 | 24.7 | 32.2 | 40.3 | 47.2 | 43.6 | 33.4 | 33.4 | 34.9 | 41.5 | 44.2 |
| 6-10 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 5.9 | 8.5 | 17.6 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 6.4 | 5.7 | 13.2 |
| ≥11 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 5.9 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 4.3 |
| Smoking (%) | ||||||||||
| Never smoker | 59.9 | 53.8 | 50.1 | 38.3 | 27.2 | 52.8 | 54.0 | 48.7 | 41.9 | 30.6 |
| Ex-smoker | 16.0 | 20.9 | 24.5 | 31.2 | 32.5 | 25.8 | 23.0 | 25.4 | 23.2 | 23.9 |
| Current smoker | 24.1 | 25.3 | 25.4 | 30.5 | 40.3 | 21.3 | 23.0 | 25.9 | 34.9 | 45.5 |
| Alcohol (%) | ||||||||||
| Never | 10.2 | 11.5 | 12.6 | 13.6 | 12.1 | 13.1 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 10.7 | 11.8 |
| Former | 24.1 | 27.6 | 27.7 | 1.4 | 38.4 | 31.0 | 26.2 | 29.1 | 57.1 | 34.4 |
| Current | 65.7 | 60.9 | 59.7 | 54.9 | 49.5 | 55.9 | 61.5 | 59.5 | 62.3 | 53.8 |
| Physical activity (%)‡ | ||||||||||
| Active | 61.6 | 56.1 | 56.5 | 54.3 | 49.4 | 55.7 | 56.0 | 58.6 | 56.1 | 52.8 |
| Moderate | 10.5 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 13.1 | 11.2 | 12.0 | 13.6 | 12.0 | 11.2 | 8.9 |
| Less active | 9.7 | 9.6 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 8.5 | 9.8 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 6.1 |
| Unknown | 18.2 | 22.1 | 22.8 | 24.7 | 33.6 | 23.8 | 20.6 | 20.9 | 24.3 | 32.1 |
| BMI (%) | ||||||||||
| <18.5 (kg/m2) | 3.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.7 |
| 18.5-24.9 (kg/m2) | 52.7 | 44.8 | 41.7 | 38.1 | 34.0 | 49.8 | 46.7 | 39.3 | 41.4 | 31.8 |
| 25-29.9 (kg/m2) | 26.4 | 33.2 | 35.2 | 34.7 | 37.0 | 29.3 | 32.8 | 36.0 | 32.6 | 35.7 |
| ≥30.0 (kg/m2) | 17.5 | 20.4 | 21.0 | 25.6 | 26.9 | 18.1 | 18.5 | 22.4 | 24.2 | 30.8 |
| Central adiposity (%)§ | ||||||||||
| Absent | 76.9 | 70.2 | 65.7 | 58.9 | 51.5 | 71.3 | 69.7 | 65.9 | 60.7 | 54.8 |
| Present | 23.1 | 29.8 | 34.3 | 41.1 | 48.5 | 28.7 | 30.3 | 34.1 | 39.3 | 45.2 |
| Regular dental checkup (%)|| | ||||||||||
| Yes | 56.1 | 57.2 | 56.4 | 53.8 | 43.4 | 64.0 | 61.0 | 54.8 | 47.9 | 30.4 |
| No | 43.9 | 42.8 | 43.6 | 46.2 | 56.6 | 36.0 | 39.0 | 45.2 | 52.1 | 69.6 |
| Diabetic status (%) | ||||||||||
| Normal (n = 7,262) | 81.7 | 76.6 | 69.8 | 59.6 | 46.1 | 71.7 | 72.5 | 68.5 | 67.5 | 56.2 |
| IFG (n = 3,681) | 15.8 | 19.4 | 25.0 | 30.5 | 37.9 | 23.1 | 20.8 | 25.3 | 25.6 | 32.6 |
| Diabetes (n = 1,311) | 2.5 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 9.8 | 16.0 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 11.2 |
| Clinical attachment loss (mm) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 |
| Pocket depth (mm) | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.0 |
| Plasma glucose level (mg/dL) | 91.2 ± 0.5 | 93. 9 ± 0.6 | 96.6 ± 0.8 | 101.7 ± 1.1 | 107.5 ± 1.1 | 95.0 ± 0.6 | 96.9 ± 1.0 | 96.9 ± 0.7 | 97.5 ± 0.8 | 103.6 ± 0.9 |
Data are percentage or means ± SD.
*Income-to-poverty ratio: (midpoint family income)/(poverty threshold values based on calendar years and inflation). †Missing due to caries/periodontal disease. ‡The number of missing values was 4,097 categorized by unknown. §Central adiposity present if waist for male subjects ≥101.6 cm and for female subjects ≥88.9 cm. ||At least once a year visit to dental clinic.