Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and MRI parameters of type 1 DM patients and healthy control subjects
| Type 1 DM patients | Healthy control subjects | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 51 | 34 | — |
| Characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 44 ± 11 | 46 ± 14 | 0.46 |
| Men, n (%) | 30 (59%) | 17 (50%) | 0.42 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.2 | 26.2 ± 3.9 | 0.18 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 126 ± 18 | 128 ± 15 | 0.62 |
| Diastolic | 74 ± 10 | 80 ± 11 | <0.01* |
| PP (mmHg) | 52 ± 13 | 47 ± 13 | 0.11 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 91 ± 11 | 96 ± 11 | 0.04* |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 65 ± 10 | 61 ± 10 | 0.05 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 8 (16%) | 2 (6%) | 0.17 |
| Retinopathy, no/minimal background/laser treated | 16/31/4 | ||
| Peripheral neuropathy, n (%) | 7 (14%) | ||
| Microalbuminuria, n (%) | 4 (8%) | ||
| Laboratory markers | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.6 ± 1.0 | NA | NA |
| Fasting glucose level | NA | 4.9 ± 0.6 | NA |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||
| HDL | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 0.34 |
| Total | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 1.2 | 0.01* |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.04* |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 74 ± 11 | 77 ± 17 | 0.32 |
| MRI findings | |||
| Aortic PWV (m/s) | 5.3 (4.7–6.1) | 5.7 (4.6–7.6) | 0.21 |
| tCBF (mL/min) | 466 ± 131 | 424 ± 111 | 0.27 |
| Total brain perfusion (mL/min per 100 mL brain tissue) | 41.3 ± 11.0 | 36.4 ± 9.0 | <0.05† |
| Brain volume (mL) | |||
| WM | 567 ± 72 | 583 ± 70 | 0.04† |
| GM | 565 ± 59 | 584 ± 54 | 0.03† |
| Total | 1,132 ± 124 | 1,167 ± 117 | <0.01† |
*Significantly different between groups using independent samples t test, P < 0.05.
†Significantly different between groups, in multivariable linear regression analysis correcting for age, sex, and MAP, P < 0.05.