Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and clinical predictors of an abnormal ABI
| Normal ABI
(ref. n = 1,489) |
Low ABI |
High ABI |
NC artery |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
n = 430 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | n = 182 | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | n = 139 | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||
| Variables hypothesized to be causally related to ABI | |||||||
| Age (years) | 61.9 (8.8) | 63.4 (8.9)* | 1.29 (1.13–1.48) | 61.9 (8.5) | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 64.2 (9.7)* | 1.20 (0.97–1.49) |
| Sex (% female) | 28.3 | 38.8† | 1.41 (1.10–1.79) | 17.6* | 0.53 (0.35–0.80) | 30.2 | 0.81 (0.54–1.22) |
| Black race vs. all others (%) | 15.2 | 27.4† | 1.89 (1.44–2.48) | 4.9† | 0.30 (0.15–0.60) | 17.3 | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 9.7 (8.1) | 11.4 (9.0)† | 1.18 (1.03–1.34) | 10.2 (9.1) | 15.1 (10.0)† | 1.84 (1.52–2.22) | |
| Insulin treatment (%) | 25.9 | 32.3* | 25.3 | 40.3† | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.6 (1.6) | 7.8 (1.6) | 7.6 (1.8) | 7.8 (1.6) | |||
| BMI | 31.5 (5.7) | 31.0 (5.7) | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) | 33.7 (5.9)† | 1.44 (1.26–1.65) | 32.8 (6.7)* | 1.23 (1.06–1.43) |
| Hypertension (%) | 87.8 | 92.3* | 1.56 (1.04–2.33) | 87.4 | 95.7* | 2.95 (1.27–6.89) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 81.6 | 82.1 | 76.9 | 74.8 | 0.67 (0.44–1.02) | ||
| Current cigarette smoker (%) | 11.6 | 20.7† | 2.40 (1.76–3.26) | 3.8* | 0.30 (0.14–0.66) | 7.3 | |
| Chronic renal dysfunction (%) | 2.5 | 4.4* | 2.7 | 6.6* | |||
| CRP log (μg/ml) | 0.85 (1.25) | 1.06 (1.22)* | 1.12 (1.01–1.23) | 0.83 (1.19) | 1.13 (1.42)* | ||
| Additional baseline variables | |||||||
| White race vs. all others (%) | 65.1 | 58.1* | 83† | 67.6 | |||
| Hispanic vs. all others (%) | 13.9 | 10.5 | 8.2* | 15.1 | |||
| Other (vs. white/black/Hispanic) (%) | 5.8 | 4 | 3.8 | 0* | |||
| Cardiac disease | |||||||
| Number of disease regions (%) | |||||||
| 0 | 4.3 | 2.3* | 2.7 | 4.3 | |||
| 1 | 30.9 | 25.8 | 33 | 28.1 | |||
| 2 | 35.8 | 35.8 | 35.7 | 30.9 | |||
| 3 | 28.9 | 36 | 28.6 | 36.7 | |||
| MJI | 43.7 (24.4) | 46.8 (24.2)* | 41.4 (22.0) | 47.5 (25.1) | |||
| ACR >30 mg/g (%) | 28.7 | 40.5† | 27.6 | 53.7† | |||
| Former cigarette smoker (%) | 54.2 | 54.9 | 56.6 | 55.5 | |||
| Erectile dysfunction (%) | 53.4 | 63.2* | 62 | 64 | |||
| Peripheral neuropathy (%) | 32.6 | 36.7 | 38.3 | 66† | |||
| Carotid artery disease (%) | 6.3 | 14.9† | 3.3 | 9.4 | |||
| Intermittent claudication (%) | 13.7 | 31.9† | 12.1 | 23.7* | |||
| Peripheral vascular surgery (%) | 1.5 | 5.4† | 3.8* | 5.8† | |||
Data are means (SD) unless otherwise indicated. ACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; MJI, myocardial jeopardy index.
*P value for comparison with normal ABI <0.05,
†P value for comparison with normal ABI <0.001.