Table 4.
Parameter (μmol/L) | Treatment | N | Baseline | End of study | Change | p-Valuea for change | p-Valueb between groups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C14:0 myristic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 67.4 ± 57.07 | 69.4 ± 62.32 | 2.0 ± 44.05 | 0.77 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 55.5 ± 32.43 | 57.8 ± 26.15 | 2.3 ± 30.93 | 0.65 | 0.71 | |
Control | 37 | 60.5 ± 29.25 | 58.1 ± 38.01 | −2.4 ± 35.46 | 0.69 | ||
C15:0 pentadecanoic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 18.2 ± 14.42 | 16.2 ± 8.22 | −2.1 ± 12.01 | 0.28 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 14.7 ± 5.03 | 15.5 ± 3.69 | 0.8 ± 4.44 | 0.30 | 0.27 | |
Control | 37 | 15.0 ± 5.02 | 15.0 ± 5.26 | 0.1 ± 4.32 | 0.94 | ||
C16:0 palmitic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 1,661.0 ± 496.5 | 1,522. ± 339.3 | −139.0 ± 409.5 | 0.038 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 1,548.9 ± 477.9 | 1,547. ± 260.0 | −2.3 ± 414.9 | 0.97 | 0.35 | |
Control | 37 | 1,652.7 ± 374.2 | 1,578. ± 315.6 | −74.6 ± 327.7 | 0.17 | ||
C16:1n-7 palmitoleic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 67.7 ± 35.41 | 63.0 ± 33.54 | −4.7 ± 27.91 | 0.29 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 66.1 ± 49.18 | 61.8 ± 26.56 | −4.4 ± 35.91 | 0.47 | 0.62 | |
Control | 37 | 68.7 ± 32.98 | 63.9 ± 35.07 | −4.8 ± 28.62 | 0.31 | ||
C17:0 margaric acid | Fish oil | 40 | 24.2 ± 8.38 | 23.9 ± 8.44 | −0.3 ± 6.09 | 0.76 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 22.6 ± 5.85 | 24.0 ± 5.84 | 1.4 ± 5.49 | 0.14 | 0.089 | |
Control | 37 | 23.3 ± 5.46 | 21.7 ± 5.84 | −1.6 ± 4.85 | 0.048 | ||
C18:0 stearic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 580.6 ± 136.6 | 578.5 ± 130.2 | −2.2 ± 133.2 | 0.92 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 548.5 ± 116.7 | 568.9 ± 112.6 | 20.4 ± 91.7 | 0.19 | 0.17 | |
Control | 37 | 594.8 ± 103.5 | 562.4 ± 147.2 | −32.4 ± 125.4 | 0.12 | ||
C18:1n-9 oleic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 558.9 ± 166.1 | 516.2 ± 146.8 | −42.7 ± 154.0 | 0.087 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 532.8 ± 198.5 | 521.8 ± 109.1 | −11.0 ± 191.0 | 0.73 | 0.71 | |
Control | 37 | 570.2 ± 146.8 | 547.2 ± 156.1 | −23.0 ± 151.9 | 0.36 | ||
C18:2n-6 linoleic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 829.3 ± 349.8 | 779.8 ± 254.5 | −49.6 ± 251.3 | 0.22 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 742.0 ± 214.0 | 744.2 ± 187.9 | 2.2 ± 215.8 | 0.95 | 0.44 | |
Control | 37 | 812.0 ± 219.6 | 735.7 ± 212.4 | −76.3 ± 167.5 | 0.0088 | ||
C18:3n-3 alpha-linoleic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 61.7 ± 17.89 | 61.9 ± 20.22 | 0.2 ± 20.95 | 0.95 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 67.3 ± 25.24 | 68.4 ± 21.88 | 1.1 ± 20.08 | 0.73 | 0.15 | |
Control | 37 | 68.3 ± 20.40 | 62.8 ± 22.07 | −5.5 ± 19.55 | 0.094 | ||
C20:3n-3 eicosatrienoic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 39.6 ± 18.08 | 33.5 ± 17.97 | −6.0 ± 10.00 | 0.0005 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 39.3 ± 19.20 | 34.9 ± 13.20 | −4.4 ± 13.23 | 0.054 | 0.22 | |
Control | 37 | 39.8 ± 18.24 | 37.7 ± 18.28 | −2.1 ± 8.65 | 0.16 | ||
C20:4n-6 arachidonic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 192.6 ± 50.0 | 178.5 ± 45.3 | −14.1 ± 29.6 | 0.0046 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 180.1 ± 52.4 | 192.1 ± 40.2 | 12.0 ± 32.8 | 0.035 | 0.0010 | |
Control | 37 | 189.8 ± 44.2 | 182.8 ± 38.0 | −7.0 ± 32.3 | 0.20 | ||
C22:0 behenic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 21.5 ± 6.05 | 21.8 ± 6.36 | 0.4 ± 3.30 | 0.49 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 20.2 ± 5.29 | 22.0 ± 6.25 | 1.9 ± 3.51 | 0.003 | 0.040 | |
Control | 37 | 18.9 ± 6.02 | 18.3 ± 4.83 | −0.6 ± 4.07 | 0.36 | ||
C24:0 lignoceric acid | Fish oil | 40 | 10.0 ± 4.07 | 10.3 ± 4.19 | 0.3 ± 1.71 | 0.22 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 9.7 ± 2.86 | 10.4 ± 3.15 | 0.7 ± 2.04 | 0.040 | 0.26 | |
Control | 37 | 8.9 ± 3.37 | 8.5 ± 3.05 | −0.4 ± 2.57 | 0.40 | ||
C24:1n-9 neuronic acid | Fish oil | 40 | 18.2 ± 6.88 | 18.9 ± 6.15 | 0.6 ± 3.75 | 0.29 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 16.7 ± 5.99 | 17.3 ± 5.87 | 0.6 ± 5.00 | 0.48 | 0.17 | |
Control | 37 | 15.7 ± 5.39 | 16.7 ± 5.70 | 1.0 ± 5.67 | 0.30 | ||
C20:5n-3 EPA | Fish oil | 40 | 31.2 ± 23.11 | 76.3 ± 36.02 | 45.2 ± 29.65 | <0.0001 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 30.4 ± 21.57 | 74.9 ± 38.66 | 44.5 ± 35.21 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Control | 37 | 43.9 ± 40.74 | 37.2 ± 28.64 | −6.6 ± 28.58 | 0.17 | ||
C22:6n-3 DHA | Fish oil | 40 | 47.0 ± 22.08 | 70.4 ± 25.70 | 23.4 ± 16.55 | <0.0001 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 44.8 ± 21.36 | 64.2 ± 26.15 | 19.4 ± 23.75 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Control | 37 | 57.4 ± 30.94 | 51.3 ± 23.70 | −6.1 ± 21.25 | 0.088 | ||
C22:5n-3 DPA | Fish oil | 40 | 8.8 ± 3.98 | 12.7 ± 5.06 | 3.9 ± 3.24 | <0.0001 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 8.2 ± 3.33 | 11.9 ± 3.56 | 3.6 ± 3.68 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Control | 37 | 9.6 ± 5.09 | 8.6 ± 3.84 | −1.0 ± 3.56 | 0.090 | ||
Total fatty acids | Fish oil | 40 | 4,250.7 ± 1,148.1 | 4,064.6 ± 890.8 | −186.0 ± 921.8 | 0.21 | |
Krill oil | 36 | 3,958.1 ± 983.7 | 4,045.5 ± 662.5 | 87.4 ± 810.7 | 0.52 | 0.15 | |
Control | 37 | 4,261.3 ± 804.2 | 4,016.8 ± 774.4 | −244.5 ± 685.5 | 0.037 |
aTest of within-group changes
bTest comparing change from start to end of intervention between the fish oil, krill oil, and control groups