HFF cells were seeded on to glass coverslips in a 12-well plate with 1.8 × 105 cells/well and were allowed to grow for 3 days before immunostaining. Fibroblasts infected with pLK control viruses (A) produced extensive elastic fibres, whereas fibroblasts infected with fibulin-4 shRNA viruses pL335 (B) and pL337(C) produced significantly fewer elastic fibres. No statistically significant difference in the production of fibrillin-1 microfibrils was present among fibroblast cultures infected with pLK (D), pL335 (E) and pL337 (F). (G) Quantification of elastic fibres taken from at least four fields of multiple cultures represented in (A), (B) and (C). (H) Quantification of microfibrils taken from four fields of multiple cultures represented in (D), (E) and (F). **P < 0.05 compared with the respective control pLK. (I–L) HPCE cells were seeded on to glass coverslips in a 12-well plate with 4 × 105 cells/well and were allowed to grow for 7 days before immunostaining. The cultures produced significant amounts of fibulin-4 (I, K) and fibrillin-1 (L). However, no elastic fibres were detectable (J).