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. 2010 Dec 29;108(3):1007–1010. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1008404108

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Fig. 1. — Demonstration of the synergy between the percolation process and the failures caused by dependency links (dependency process) that lead to an iterative process of cascading failures. The network contains two types of links: connectivity links (solid lines) and dependency links (dashed lines). (A) The process starts with the initial failure of two nodes (marked in red). The connectivity links connected to them also fail (marked in red). (B) Percolation process—in this stage all the nodes and the connectivity links that are connected to them, that are not connected to the giant cluster (largest cluster) by connectivity links, also fail (marked in red). (C) Dependency process—the nodes that depend (connected by dependency links) on the failing nodes also fail (marked in red). (D) The next step of connectivity failure in which two more nodes fail because they are not connected to the largest cluster (currently containing only two nodes).