Table 1.
Characteristics of 3133 Participants for Overall Cohort and by Category of Frailty Status
| Characteristic | Overall Cohort (n=3133) | Category of Frailty Status |
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robust (n=1007) | Intermediate (n=1689) | Frail (n=437) | |||
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 76.4 ± 5.6 | 74.4 ± 4.6 | 76.6 ± 5.4 | 80.4 ± 5.9 | <0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.98 | ||||
| Caucasian | 2814 (90) | 908 (90) | 1517 (90) | 389 (89) | |
| African American | 121 (4) | 37 (4) | 66 (4) | 18 (4) | |
| Other | 198 (6) | 62 (6) | 106 (6) | 30 (7) | |
| Self-reported health status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Excellent or good | 2713 (87) | 970 (97) | 1436 (85) | 307 (70) | |
| Fair, poor, or very poor | 417 (13) | 35 (3) | 253 (15) | 129 (30) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 168 (5) | 39 (4) | 91 (5) | 38 (9) | |
| High school diploma | 498 (16) | 146 (14) | 264 (16) | 88 (20) | |
| College/Graduate school | 2467 (79) | 822 (82) | 1334 (79) | 311 (71) | |
| Lives alone, n (%) | 423 (14) | 103 (10) | 237 (14) | 83 (19) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake, drinks/week, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 0–2 drinks/week | 1849 (59) | 520 (52) | 1022 (61) | 307 (71) | |
| 3–13 drinks/week | 1093 (35) | 419 (42) | 568 (34) | 106 (24) | |
| ≥14 drinks/week | 174 (6) | 62 (6) | 90 (5) | 22 (5) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.36 | ||||
| Never | 1236 (39) | 411 (41) | 668 (40) | 157 (36) | |
| Past | 1832 (59) | 579 (57) | 985 (58) | 268 (61) | |
| Current | 65 (2) | 17 (2) | 36 (2) | 12 (3) | |
| Current antidepressant use, n (%) | 247 (8) | 34 (3) | 138 (8) | 75 (17) | <0.001 |
| Current benzodiazepine use, n (%) | 139 (4) | 23 (2) | 76 (4) | 40 (9) | <0.001 |
| Current non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic/hypnotic use, n (%) | 62 (2) | 8 (1) | 38 (2) | 16 (4) | <0.001 |
| Selected medical conditions*, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 0–1 | 1184 (38) | 515 (51) | 577 (34) | 92 (21) | |
| 2–3 | 1378 (44) | 402 (40) | 782 (46) | 194 (45) | |
| ≥4 | 564 (18) | 88 (9) | 327 (19) | 149 (34) | |
| GDS score (range 0–15), mean ± SD | 1.8 ± 2.2 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 3.6 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
| Teng 3MS score (range 0–100), mean ± SD | 92.6 ± 6.4 | 93.8 ± 4.9 | 92.7 ± 6.1 | 89.5 ± 8.9 | <0.001 |
| IADL impairments (range 0–5), mean ± SD | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 27.2 ± 3.9 | 27.1 ± 3.5 | 27.3 ± 3.9 | 26.9 ± 4.4 | 0.07 |
History of selected medical conditions including prior fracture since age 50, arthritis, hypo/hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, angina, stroke or temporary ischemic attack, claudication, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, non skin cancer, parkinsonism, chronic kidney disease or kidney failure, liver disease and hypertension
Note: All characteristics were assessed at the sleep examination with the exception of race/ethnicity, education level, and living arrangement; these were assessed at the baseline examination.
Abbreviations: GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; 3MS, Modified Mini-Mental State Exam; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living