. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Mol Pharm. 2010 Sep 7;7(5):1388–1405. doi: 10.1021/mp100149j

Table 3.

Literature values for properties of fluids in the fasted and fed stomach and small intestine. The designation (e) indicates a value that was measured early in the post-prandial phase (between 0 and 60 minutes), (m) denotes a value measured in the mid post-prandial phase, and (l) denotes a value that was measured late in the post-prandial phase (greater than 100 minutes). Unless indicated nest to the value, units are noted next to the name of the component.

			Stomach	Duodenum	Jejunum	Ileum
Buffer capacity (mmol L⁻¹ pH⁻¹	Fasted	Median	7 (e)^a, 18^a	5.6^a
		Mean			3.23⁵⁹	6.4^b
		Range		4–13^c	2.4–2.8^d

	Fed	Range	14–28^a	18–30^a	13.2–14.6^d

Osmolality (mOsm kg⁻¹)	Fasted	Median	98 (e)^a, 140 (l)^a	178^a, 224^e
		Mean	29^f, 191±36^g, 33.6±5.9^h 221±15^h	142^f, 137±54^c	271±15^g, 200±68^c, 278±16^h
		Range	171–276ⁱ	124–266^e

	Fed	Median	559 (e)^a, 217 (l)^a	287^e, 276^e, >287 (e)^a, 287 (l)^a
	Fed	Range		250–367^e, 268–304^e

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)	Fasted	Median		32.3^a, 41.2^e
		Mean			28±1^d, 33.7±2.8^h
		Range	41.9–45.7^a	33.3–46.0^e

	Fed	Median		34.2^e, 35.4^e
		Mean			27±1^d
		Range	30–31^a	32.2–36.7^e, 33.7–36.0^e

Viscosity (cP)	Fasted	Range

	Fed	Range	10–2000^j

pH	Fasted	Median	1.7^k, 2.4 (e)^a, 1.7 (l)^a, 1.8¹⁴³	6.1, 6.2^a, 6.6^e, 5.63¹¹³	7.2^k
		Mean	2.9 ± 1.97^g	6.71±0.44^l, 7.0±0.4^c, 4.9^m, 6.4±0.6ⁿ	6.8±0.4^c, 7.5^d, 7.1± 0.60^g	6.5±0.2^o
		Range	1–2.5^p, 1.4–2.1^k, 1.23–7.36^a, 1.4–7.5^g	5.8–6.5^k, 4.00–5.39^m, 5.17–6.10ⁿ	4.4–6.5¹¹⁴, 5.3–8.1^k, 5.3–8.1^g	6.8–8.0^q

	Fed	Median	5.0^k, 6.4 (e)^a, 2.7 (l)^a	5.4^k, 6.6 (e)^a, 5.2 (l)^a, 5.9^e, 6.1^e, 5.35^r
		Mean		5.2 (e)^m, 4.2 (l)^m	6.2±0.2 (e)¹¹⁵, 5.4 ± 0.2 (l)¹¹⁵, 6.1^d	7.5¹¹⁶
		Range	4.3–5.4^k	3.1–6.7^k, 4.5–5.5 (e)^m, 3.9–4.8 (l)^m, 5.1–5.7 (e) ¹¹⁷, 5.3–6.1 (l)¹¹⁷, 4.6–6.3⁵⁸	5.2–6.0 (e)^m	6.8–7.8¹¹⁸, 6.8–8.0^s

From reference ¹⁴.

From reference ⁵⁹.

From reference ⁵³.

From reference ³⁵.

From reference ³³.

From reference ⁶¹.

From reference ⁵⁰.

From reference ⁶³.

ⁱ

From reference ⁶².

From reference ⁶⁷.

From reference ⁵¹.

From reference ⁵².

From reference ⁵⁷.

ⁿ

From reference ⁵⁴.

From reference ⁵⁵.

From reference ⁴⁹.

From reference ⁵⁶.

From reference ⁵⁸.