. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Mol Pharm. 2010 Sep 7;7(5):1388–1405. doi: 10.1021/mp100149j

Table 6.

Literature values for residence time in the stomach, residence time in the small intestine and small intestinal flow rates.

Time for half-emptying - stomach (min)	Fasted	Mean	15.8 (300mL water)^a, 12 (saline)^b, 75 (glucose)^c
		Range	11.5–17.0 (300mL water)^a

	Fed	Mean	44±15 (liquids)¹²¹, 105±21 (solids) ¹²¹, 40±13¹²¹, 32±7 (liquids)¹²², 46±9 (liquids)¹²², 67±9 (liquids)¹²², 76±6 (liquids)¹²², 72^d, 69^d
		Range	69–93^d, 50–76^d

Time for complete emptying - stomach (min)	Fasted	Mean	25^a

	Fed	Mean	40^d

Transit time - entire small intestine (min)	Fasted	Mean	192 (coated pellets)^e
		Range	90–324 (coated pellets)^e, 132–354 (pellets)^f, 54–372 (tablets)^f

	Fed	Mean	276±99 h (liquids) ¹²¹, 342±120 h^g
		Range

Transit time - duodenum to jejunum (min)¹²³,	Fed	Mean	32±3 (40kcal/h) 30±1 (90kcal/h), 32±2 (160kcal/h)

Transit time - duodenum to ileum (min)¹²³	Fed	Mean	59±2 (160kcal/h), 47±3 (40kcal/h), 47±2 (90kcal/h)

Flow rate - jejunum (mL/min)^h	Fasted	Mean	0.73

	Fed	Mean	3.0

Flow rate – ileum (mL/min)^h	Fasted	Mean	0.33

	Fed	Mean	2.35

From reference ⁷⁰.

From reference ⁸⁵.

From reference ⁷⁹.

From reference ⁷³.

From reference ¹⁰.

From reference ⁹².

From reference ⁴⁹.

From reference ⁹³.