Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristics | Overall Cohort | No Hemoconcentration (n=102) | Hemoconcentration (n=49) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 56.0 ± 13.6 | 55.1 ± 13.4 | 50.7 ± 15.2 | 0.072 |
| Males | 74.10% | 79.40% | 71.40% | 0.276 |
| White race | 58.30% | 66.70% | 53.10% | 0.106 |
| Medical History | ||||
| Ischemic etiology | 49.10% | 55.90% | 36.70% | 0.028* |
| Idiopathic etiology | 34.10% | 31.40% | 32.70% | 0.874 |
| Hypertension | 45.50% | 44.10% | 49.00% | 0.574 |
| Diabetes | 34.40% | 35.30% | 32.70% | 0.749 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 31.10% | 30.40% | 30.60% | 0.978 |
| Gout | 19.80% | 20.60% | 22.40% | 0.793 |
| Symptoms / Functional Status / Ejection Fraction | ||||
| Dyspnea at rest | 58.80% | 52.00% | 63.30% | 0.191 |
| Fatigue at rest | 64.90% | 65.70% | 7.30% | 0.840 |
| Orthopnea | 84.80% | 83.30% | 87.50% | 0.509 |
| NYHA class (mean class) | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 0.604 |
| Six minute walk (feet) | 455 ± 422 | 502 ± 378 | 641 ± 499 | 0.156 |
| Maximal oxygen consumption (mL/kg/min) | 10.0 ± 3.3 | 9.5 ± 3.0 | 9.9 ± 2.8 | 0.470 |
| Too ill to undergo functional capacity testing | 30.50% | 15.80% | 21.30% | 0.419 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 19.3 ± 6.7 | 19.7 ± 7.4 | 18.0 ± 5.9 | 0.150 |
| Admission Physical Exam | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 105.6 ± 16.3 | 102.9 ± 16.1 | 105.8 ± 14.7 | 0.241 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 82.0 ± 15.1 | 81.3 ± 15.5 | 86.4 ± 16.7 | 0.067 |
| Respiration rate (breaths/min) | 20.5 ± 4.1 | 20.0 ± 4.3 | 19.6 ± 3.7 | 0.580 |
| Jugular venous pressure > 12 cm | 21.50% | 24.80% | 25.00% | 0.974 |
| Rales > 1/3 lung fields | 14.70% | 4.90% | 22.40% | 0.001* |
| Ascites ≥ moderate | 19.10% | 19.80% | 22.40% | 0.707 |
| Severe edema | 12.00% | 10.80% | 14.30% | 0.534 |
| Medications (baseline) | ||||
| ACE inhibitor / ARB | 89.30% | 91.20% | 87.80% | 0.510 |
| β-Blocker | 60.60% | 62.70% | 59.20% | 0.674 |
| Loop diuretic (mg)† | 200 (120 to 320) | 200 (83 to 320) | 280 (160 to 400) | 0.005* |
| Spironolactone | 32.00% | 36.40% | 34.70% | 0.842 |
| Thiazide diuretic | 12.80% | 11.30% | 8.50% | 0.602 |
| Digoxin | 71.70% | 74.50% | 75.50% | 0.894 |
| Medications (in hospital) | ||||
| ACE inhibitor / ARB | 90.80% | 92.20% | 89.80% | 0.628 |
| Loop diuretic (mg)† | 240 (120 to 400) | 240 (100 to 400) | 360 (200 to 480) | 0.029* |
| Thiazide diuretic | 30.30% | 29.90% | 39.60% | 0.243 |
| Inotropes | 42.80% | 51.00% | 37.50% | 0.124 |
| Vasodilators | 29.10% | 25.30% | 15.60% | 0.195 |
| Inotropes or vasodilators | 59.30% | 62.70% | 49.00% | 0.108 |
| Laboratory Findings | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.5 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 1.6 | 12.4 ± 1.6 | 0.218 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 37.8 ± 5.2 | 38.5 ± 4.8 | 37.4 ± 4.5 | 0.121 |
| Serum albumin | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | <0.001* |
| Serum total protein | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 7.2 ± 0.7 | 6.6 ± 0.8 | <0.001* |
| Serum sodium (mEq/L) | 136.6 ± 4.5 | 135.8 ± 4.4 | 137.5 ± 4.0 | 0.014* |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.011* |
| Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 57.5 ± 25.9 | 55.3 ± 26.2 | 67.1 ± 28.1 | 0.012* |
| B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 933 ± 1239 | 1018 ± 1325 | 915 ± 1090 | 0.734 |
| Norepinephrine (pg/mL) | 677 ± 537 | 754 ± 592 | 766 ± 556 | 1.000 |
| Treatment Related Parameters | ||||
| Length of stay (days) | 9.0 ± 10.5 | 8.4 ± 7.7 | 7.7 ± 3.9 | 0.378 |
| Change in weight (kg) | 3.5 ± 5.0 | 2.7 ± 3.7 | 6.3 ± 6.6 | <0.001* |
| Rate of weight loss (kg/day) | 0.53 ± 0.86 | 0.45 ± 0.68 | 0.95 ± 0.98 | <0.001* |
| Net fluid output (L) | -4.5 ± 5.0 | -3.8 ± 4.2 | -6.1 ± 6.5 | 0.039* |
| Rate of fluid output (L/day) | -0.62 ± 0.67 | -0.56 ± 0.64 | -0.83 ± 0.74 | 0.035* |
ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker, NYHA: New York Heart Association. Overall cohort represents all patients with any 1 of 3 hemoconcentration variables available in the original ESCAPE dataset. Hemoconcentration was defined as ≥2 of 3 of delta total protein, delta albumin, or delta hematocrit in the highest tertile. P value refers to the difference between those with and those without hemoconcentration.
*
Represents a significant p value.
†
Loop diuretic dose reported as median with interquartile range, all other values represent mean ± standard deviation or %.