Table 3.
Multilevel model of fair/poor parent-reported oral health among children 1–5 years of age
| 95% confidence interval |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level | Domain | Variable | Unadjusted odds ratio |
Adjusted odds ratio |
Lower limit |
Upper limit |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Child | Physical Attributes | Hispanic | 4.753*** | 1.512*** | 1.237 | 1.848 |
| Child | Physical Attributes | Non-Hispanic White (referent) | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – |
| Child | Physical Attributes | Non-Hispanic Black | 2.419*** | 1.527*** | 1.225 | 1.904 |
| Child | Physical Attributes | Non-Hispanic Other | 2.003*** | 1.422*** | 1.155 | 1.751 |
| Child | Physical Attributes | Gender is male | 1.173** | 1.168** | 1.056 | 1.291 |
| Child | Development | Age in years | 1.420*** | 1.271*** | 1.215 | 1.328 |
| Child | Development | Child was ever breastfed | 0.729*** | 0.871* | 0.778 | 0.974 |
| Child | Dental Insurance | Child has no dental insurance | 1.346*** | 1.199** | 1.062 | 1.354 |
| Child | Use of Dental Care | Last dental visit was >1 year ago or never | 0.419*** | 0.439*** | 0.388 | 0.495 |
| Child/Family | Biological & Genetic Endowment/ | Either parent’s physical health is fair/poor | 3.236*** | 2.051*** | 1.774 | 2.372 |
| Child/Family | Health Status of Parents | Either parent’s mental health is fair/poor | 1.777*** | 1.353*** | 1.152 | 1.589 |
| Family Structure | ||||||
| Family | Family Composition | Two-parent biological/adoptive (referent) | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – |
| Family | Family Composition | Step-family | 1.529** | 0.968 | 0.733 | 1.279 |
| Family | Family Composition | Single-mother family | 1.807*** | 1.049 | 0.898 | 1.225 |
| Family | Family Composition | Other family structure | 2.177*** | 1.770*** | 1.328 | 2.358 |
| Family | Family Composition | Number of adults in household | 1.213*** | 1.115*** | 1.061 | 1.171 |
| Family | Family Composition | Number of children in household | 1.224*** | 1.079** | 1.032 | 1.129 |
| Family | Family Function | Number of family outings per week | 0.891*** | 0.978* | 0.957 | 0.998 |
| Highest Education of any member in Household | ||||||
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | Less than High School/GED | 1.959*** | 1.457*** | 1.261 | 1.682 |
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | High School/GED (referent) | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – |
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | More than High School/GED | 0.539*** | 0.662*** | 0.570 | 0.769 |
| Household Income relative to Federal Poverty Level | ||||||
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | Less than 50% of Federal Poverty Level (FPL) | 4.173** | 1.934 | 0.887 | 4.215 |
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | 50% to less than 100% of FPL | 3.390* | 1.687 | 0.841 | 3.382 |
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | 100% to less than 133% of FPL | 3.519* | 1.958* | 1.057 | 3.626 |
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | 133% to less than 150% of FPL | 2.141 | 1.333 | 0.574 | 3.097 |
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | 150% to less than 185% of FPL | 2.939* | 1.713 | 0.847 | 3.462 |
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | 185% to less than 200% of FPL | 2.727 | 1.821 | 0.825 | 4.019 |
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | 200% to less than 300% of FPL | 2.497 | 1.880* | 1.056 | 3.349 |
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | 300% to less than 400% of FPL | 1.578** | 1.253 | 0.955 | 1.645 |
| Family | Socioeconomic Status | 400% of FPL or higher (referent) | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – |
| Family | Health Behaviors/Practices/Coping | Either parent does not regularly exercise | 1.488*** | 1.337*** | 1.202 | 1.487 |
| Family | Health Behaviors/Practices/Coping | Either parent has no health insurance | 2.306*** | 1.369*** | 1.186 | 1.581 |
| Family | Health Behaviors/Practices/Coping | Index, how well parent is coping with raising child | 0.403*** | 0.601*** | 0.538 | 0.672 |
| Family | Social Support | Number of times child has ever moved residence | 1.194*** | 1.038 | 0.997 | 1.081 |
| Family | Culture | Primary language spoken at home is not English | 3.804*** | 1.517*** | 1.273 | 1.806 |
| Family | Culture | Child was born outside of the United States | 1.884*** | 1.563** | 1.202 | 2.033 |
| Neighborhood | Social Capital | Presence of bad neighborhood influences on children | 1.161* | 1.198** | 1.073 | 1.337 |
| Neighborhood | Social Capital/Physical Safety | Index, whether parent feels neighbors help, watch out for, count on or trust each other, neighborhood is safe | 0.476*** | 0.756*** | 0.674 | 0.848 |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Status | ||||||
| Neighborhood | Social Environment | In an MSA, in central city | 1.032 | 0.807** | 0.691 | 0.943 |
| Neighborhood | Social Environment | In an MSA, not in central city | 0.717*** | 0.807** | 0.688 | 0.945 |
| Neighborhood | Social Environment | Not in an MSA (referent) | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | – |
| State | Social Environment | Gini Index of income inequality (US Census) | 1.009 | 0.954* | 0.916 | 0.993 |
| State | Physical Environment | Percent of population with access to fluoridated water (NOHSS) | 0.993*** | 0.995** | 0.991 | 0.998 |
*
P < 0.05;
**
P < 0.01;
***
P < 0.001.
Note: Sample size = 26 736; Unadjusted odds ratios are from single-domain models run on imputed data. Data Source = National Survey of Children’s Health 2003; US Census 2000; CDC National Oral Health Surveillance System 2000 (NOHSS).