Table 4.
Intake of Fruits and Vegetables in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer by ER/PR Status in the Black Women's Health Study, 1995–2007
| ER+/PR+ Cases |
ER+/PR− Cases |
ER−/PR− Cases |
|||||||
| Cases, No. | IRRa | 95% CI | Cases, No. | IRRa | 95% CI | Cases, No. | IRRa | 95% CI | |
| Total fruits and vegetables, servings | |||||||||
| <1/day | 52 | 1.00 | Referent | 14 | 1.00 | Referent | 53 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 1/day | 106 | 1.20 | 0.86, 1.69 | 28 | 1.13 | 0.59, 2.17 | 75 | 0.90 | 0.63, 1.29 |
| 2–3/day | 155 | 1.31 | 0.94, 1.82 | 37 | 1.10 | 0.58, 2.09 | 100 | 0.97 | 0.68, 1.38 |
| ≥4/day | 53 | 0.96 | 0.64, 1.46 | 24 | 1.43 | 0.69, 2.94 | 36 | 0.79 | 0.50, 1.24 |
| Ptrend | 0.62 | 0.33 | 0.40 | ||||||
| Total vegetables, servings | |||||||||
| <4/week | 53 | 1.00 | Referent | 16 | 1.00 | Referent | 71 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 4–6/week | 84 | 1.40 | 0.99, 1.99 | 20 | 1.03 | 0.53, 2.00 | 56 | 0.71 | 0.50, 1.01 |
| 1/day | 142 | 1.54 | 1.11, 2.14 | 41 | 1.34 | 0.74, 2.45 | 93 | 0.79 | 0.57, 1.10 |
| ≥2/day | 87 | 1.41 | 0.97, 2.04 | 26 | 1.20 | 0.61, 2.36 | 44 | 0.57 | 0.38, 0.85 |
| Ptrend | 0.25 | 0.59 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Cruciferous vegetables, servings | |||||||||
| <1/week | 49 | 1.00 | Referent | 11 | 1.00 | Referent | 49 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 1–2/week | 157 | 1.16 | 0.83, 1.60 | 41 | 1.24 | 0.63, 2.44 | 109 | 0.83 | 0.59, 1.18 |
| 3–5/week | 115 | 1.36 | 0.96, 1.93 | 32 | 1.57 | 0.77, 3.18 | 67 | 0.86 | 0.59, 1.26 |
| ≥6/week | 45 | 0.80 | 0.52, 1.23 | 19 | 1.38 | 0.63, 3.01 | 39 | 0.81 | 0.52, 1.26 |
| Ptrend | 0.17 | 0.47 | 0.56 | ||||||
| Green leafy vegetables, servings | |||||||||
| <1/week | 66 | 1.00 | Referent | 18 | 1.00 | Referent | 61 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 1–2/week | 109 | 1.03 | 0.76, 1.41 | 30 | 1.03 | 0.57, 1.86 | 100 | 1.08 | 0.78, 1.49 |
| 3–5/week | 125 | 1.25 | 0.92, 1.71 | 37 | 1.27 | 0.71, 2.28 | 65 | 0.77 | 0.54, 1.11 |
| ≥6/week | 66 | 1.14 | 0.80, 1.63 | 18 | 1.00 | 0.51, 1.99 | 38 | 0.80 | 0.52, 1.22 |
| Ptrend | 0.36 | 0.94 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Yellow-orange vegetables, servings | |||||||||
| <1/week | 77 | 1.00 | Referent | 16 | 1.00 | Referent | 90 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 1–2/week | 146 | 1.30 | 0.98, 1.72 | 45 | 1.84 | 1.03, 3.29 | 88 | 0.69 | 0.51, 0.94 |
| 3–5/week | 87 | 1.19 | 0.87, 1.64 | 26 | 1.63 | 0.85, 3.11 | 53 | 0.69 | 0.49, 0.99 |
| ≥6/week | 56 | 1.31 | 0.91, 1.89 | 16 | 1.63 | 0.78, 3.38 | 33 | 0.72 | 0.47, 1.10 |
| Ptrend | 0.37 | 0.56 | 0.21 | ||||||
| Total fruits, servings | |||||||||
| <2/week | 61 | 1.00 | Referent | 17 | 1.00 | Referent | 53 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 2–6/week | 130 | 1.04 | 0.77, 1.42 | 34 | 0.93 | 0.52, 1.68 | 99 | 0.99 | 0.71, 1.39 |
| 1/day | 122 | 1.18 | 0.86, 1.63 | 38 | 1.21 | 0.68, 2.21 | 74 | 0.98 | 0.68, 1.41 |
| ≥2/day | 53 | 1.02 | 0.69, 1.50 | 14 | 0.84 | 0.40, 1.76 | 38 | 1.04 | 0.67, 1.61 |
| Ptrend | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.88 | ||||||
| Citrus, servings | |||||||||
| <1/week | 160 | 1.00 | Referent | 39 | 1.00 | Referent | 128 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 1–2/week | 103 | 1.17 | 0.91, 1.51 | 29 | 1.32 | 0.81, 2.15 | 70 | 1.02 | 0.76, 1.38 |
| 3–5/week | 76 | 1.28 | 0.97, 1.70 | 24 | 1.61 | 0.96, 2.71 | 42 | 0.97 | 0.68, 1.39 |
| ≥6/week | 27 | 0.84 | 0.55, 1.28 | 11 | 1.33 | 0.67, 2.64 | 24 | 1.03 | 0.66, 1.62 |
| Ptrend | 0.88 | 0.24 | 0.95 | ||||||
| Other fruit, servings | |||||||||
| <2/week | 91 | 1.00 | Referent | 30 | 1.00 | Referent | 73 | 1.00 | Referent |
| 2–4/week | 99 | 1.03 | 0.77, 1.38 | 28 | 0.84 | 0.50, 1.42 | 84 | 1.20 | 0.87, 1.64 |
| 5–8/week | 100 | 1.16 | 0.86, 1.56 | 25 | 0.81 | 0.47, 1.41 | 56 | 0.95 | 0.66, 1.36 |
| ≥9/week | 76 | 1.12 | 0.81, 1.55 | 20 | 0.74 | 0.40, 1.35 | 51 | 1.15 | 0.79, 1.69 |
| Ptrend | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.76 | ||||||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ER, estrogen receptor; IRR, incidence rate ratio; PR, progesterone receptor; +, positive; −, negative.
a
Adjusted for age, energy intake, age at menarche, body mass index at age 18 years, family history of breast cancer, education, geographic region, parity, age at first birth, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, age at menopause, menopausal hormone use, vigorous activity, smoking status, alcohol intake, and multivitamin use.