Table 2.

Multivariable-adjusted Associations of Circulating 25(OH)D₃ Concentrations With Colorectal Adenoma Overall and by Adenoma Characteristics in the CPRU, MAP (Combined MAPI and MAPII), and Pooled Studies, United States, 1991–2002

Adenoma Characteristic and Quartile of 25(OH)D3	CPRU Study, Minnesota				MAP Study, North Carolina and South Carolina				Pooled Analysis
	No. of Cases	No. of Controls	ORa	95% CIa	No. of Cases	No. of Controls	ORa	95% CIa	No. of Cases	No. of Controls	ORa	95% CIa
All colorectal adenomas
1	110	126	1.00		44	44	1.00		154	170	1.00
2	130	150	0.85	0.57, 1.27	29	54	0.61	0.30, 1.22	159	204	0.77	0.55, 1.09
3	132	136	0.99	0.66, 1.48	35	48	0.55	0.27, 1.10	167	184	0.85	0.60, 1.20
4	102	151	0.69	0.45, 1.06	34	61	0.35	0.17, 0.70	136	212	0.59	0.41, 0.84
Ptrendb			0.16				0.003				0.01
Location
Right colonc
1	36	126	1.00		19	44	1.00		55	170	1.00
2	43	150	0.76	0.42, 1.38	13	54	0.81	0.32, 2.07	56	204	0.76	0.46, 1.24
3	31	136	0.68	0.36, 1.31	10	48	0.34	0.12, 0.97	41	184	0.58	0.34, 0.98
4	27	151	0.52	0.27, 1.03	17	61	0.44	0.18, 1.09	44	212	0.50	0.29, 0.85
Ptrendb			0.06				0.04				0.007
Left colond
1	94	126	1.00		36	44	1.00		130	170	1.00
2	102	150	0.82	0.54, 1.26	24	54	0.57	0.27, 1.19	126	204	0.76	0.53, 1.08
3	120	136	1.06	0.70, 1.62	30	48	0.58	0.28, 1.23	150	184	0.92	0.63, 1.32
4	89	151	0.71	0.45, 1.11	24	61	0.30	0.14, 0.65	113	212	0.58	0.40, 0.85
Ptrendb			0.30				0.003				0.02
Multiplicity
Multiple adenomas
1	35	126	1.00		17	44	1.00		52	170	1.00
2	35	150	0.70	0.37, 1.30	11	54	0.61	0.23, 1.67	46	204	0.69	0.41, 1.15
3	41	136	1.00	0.53, 1.87	13	48	0.53	0.19, 1.44	54	184	0.85	0.51, 1.43
4	29	151	0.57	0.29, 1.13	18	61	0.46	0.18, 1.17	47	212	0.55	0.32, 0.93
Ptrendb				0.25				0.11			0.06
Single adenoma
1	75	126	1.00		29	44	1.00		104	170	1.00
2	95	150	0.97	0.63, 1.49	18	54	0.59	0.27, 1.32	113	204	0.83	0.57, 1.21
3	91	136	1.04	0.66, 1.62	22	48	0.54	0.24, 1.18	113	184	0.87	0.60, 1.27
4	73	151	0.75	0.47, 1.20	16	61	0.26	0.11, 0.60	89	212	0.60	0.40, 0.89
Ptrendb			0.29				0.002				0.02
Sizee
Large adenoma
≥1 cm
1	33	126	1.00		13	44	1.00		46	170	1.00
2	38	150	0.87	0.48, 1.59	9	54	0.69	0.24, 2.00	47	204	0.82	0.49, 1.37
3	44	136	1.26	0.69, 2.30	10	48	0.54	0.18, 1.62	54	184	0.98	0.59, 1.63
4	39	151	0.99	0.53, 1.85	10	61	0.34	0.12, 0.99	49	212	0.75	0.44, 1.26
Ptrendb			0.71				0.04				0.40
Small adenoma
<1 cm
1	77	126	1.00		31	44	1.00		108	170	1.00
2	92	150	0.88	0.56, 1.36	20	54	0.63	0.29, 1.39	112	204	0.79	0.54, 1.15
3	88	136	0.92	0.58, 1.45	25	48	0.61	0.29, 1.32	113	184	0.83	0.57, 1.22
4	63	151	0.55	0.34, 0.90	24	61	0.36	0.17, 0.78	87	212	0.52	0.34, 0.77
Ptrendb			0.03				0.01				0.003
Shape
Pedunculated
1	30	126	1.00		11	44	1.00		41	170	1.00
2	25	150	0.53	0.27, 1.05	6	54	0.44	0.12, 1.64	31	204	0.53	0.30, 0.96
3	33	136	1.11	0.57, 2.16	5	48	0.38	0.10, 1.49	38	184	0.81	0.46, 1.44
4	22	151	0.58	0.28, 1.20	6	61	0.28	0.07, 1.06	28	212	0.47	0.25, 0.86
Ptrendb			0.50				0.65				0.06
Sessile
1	51	126	1.00		32	44	1.00		83	170	1.00
2	80	150	1.21	0.74, 1.95	22	54	0.69	0.32, 1.49	102	204	1.01	0.68, 1.50
3	70	136	1.20	0.73, 1.97	29	48	0.66	0.31, 1.40	99	184	1.01	0.67, 1.51
4	52	151	0.78	0.46, 1.33	27	61	0.38	0.18, 0.81	79	212	0.65	0.42, 0.99
Ptrendb			0.31				0.01				0.05
Histologic type
Villous or tubulovillous
1	42	126	1.00		6	44	1.00		48	170	1.00
2	42	150	0.75	0.43, 1.33	4	54	0.43	0.08, 2.28	46	204	0.73	0.43, 1.24
3	43	136	0.95	0.53, 1.69	3	48	0.23	0.04, 1.42	46	184	0.84	0.49, 1.44
4	28	151	0.69	0.38, 1.27	6	61	0.36	0.08, 1.63	44	212	0.66	0.38, 1.14
Ptrendb			0.39				0.20				0.22
Tubular
1	68	126	1.00		38	44	1.00		106	170	1.00
2	87	150	0.94	0.60, 1.48	25	54	0.63	0.31, 1.30	112	204	0.82	0.56, 1.18
3	89	136	1.08	0.68, 1.71	32	48	0.62	0.30, 1.26	121	184	0.91	0.62, 1.33
4	64	151	0.70	0.43, 1.13	27	61	0.32	0.16, 0.68	91	212	0.56	0.38, 0.84
Ptrendb			0.22				0.004				0.01
Degree of atypia of the worst adenoma
Mild
1	45	126	1.00		15	44	1.00		60	170	1.00
2	67	150	1.05	0.64, 1.74	10	54	0.85	0.31, 2.35	77	204	1.00	0.64, 1.54
3	65	136	1.19	0.71, 2.00	16	48	1.01	0.38, 2.69	81	184	1.17	0.75, 1.83
4	35	151	0.53	0.30, 0.95	7	61	0.24	0.07, 0.77	42	212	0.49	0.30, 0.80
Ptrendb			0.06				0.04				0.02
Moderate/severe
1	65	126	1.00		29	44	1.00		94	170	1.00
2	63	150	0.73	0.45, 1.20	19	54	0.51	0.23, 1.17	82	204	0.66	0.44, 1.00
3	67	136	0.86	0.52, 1.41	19	48	0.32	0.14, 0.75	86	184	0.67	0.44, 1.02
4	67	151	0.77	0.47, 1.28	26	61	0.34	0.16, 0.73	93	212	0.63	0.42, 0.95
Ptrendb			0.50				0.005				0.05

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CPRU, Cancer Prevention Research Unit; MAP, Markers of Adenomatous Polyps; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃; OR, odds ratio.

^aOdds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were adjusted for age (continuous), sex, family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative, regular use of aspirin or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, smoking (current, ever, or never), physical activity (continuous), body mass index (continuous), total red and processed meat intake (continuous), alcohol intake (continuous), calcium intake (continuous), retinol intake (continuous), and folate intake (continuous). Pooled odds ratios were adjusted for study (CPRU, MAP) in addition to the other covariates.

^bP_trend values (2-sided) were calculated by including the median of each quartile of blood 25(OH)D₃ concentration as a continuous variable in addition to all above-mentioned covariates in the multivariable models.

^cAt least one adenoma in the right colon, which includes the cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, and transverse colon.

^dAt least one adenoma in the left colon, which includes the splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

^eAdenoma size from in vivo comparison of maximum diameter to fully opened endoscope forceps.