Fig. 4.

Means (± s.e.) of whole-plant traits across experimental treatments: height-to-diameter ratio (HtoD, square-root transformed); average internode length (sqare-root transformed); stem mass ratio (StMR); root mass ratio (RMR); leaf mass ratio (LMR); leaf area ratio (LAR); net assimilation rate (NAR); and specific leaf area (SLA). * P < 0·05; ** P < 0·01; *** P < 0·001; **** P < 0·0001. Units of measurement are given in Table 2. Complete ANOVA results can be found in Supplementary Data Table S4 (available online).