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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jan 24.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;67(10):1012–1024. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.111

Table 3.

Moderators of Effect of Antenatal Depression on Outcomes of PTB, LBW, and IUGR

Moderator No. of Studies Within Group
 Effect of Moderator
Relative Risk (95% CI)a P Value Heterogeneity
Qdf Within P Value Variance Explained, % Qdf Between P Value Variance Explained, %
PTB
Depression predictor 14.21 .001 29
 Categorical 16 1.39 (1.19–1.61) <.001 24.615 .06 39
 Continuous 4 1.03 (1.00–1.06) .05 4.73 .20 36
Study locationb 1.81 .18 4
 European social democracy 5 1.37 (1.01–1.85) .04 20.04 <.001 80
 United States 14 1.10 (1.03–1.19) .005 22.213 .05 41
Study qualityc 2.01 .15 4
 ≤6 5 1.70 (0.99–2.92) .05 10.04 .04 60
 >6 15 1.14 (1.06–1.24) .001 37.414 .001 63
Effect size 0.61 .45 1
 Adjusted 16 1.18 (1.08–1.28) <.001 38.415 .001 61
 Unadjusted 4 1.46 (0.84–2.53) .18 7.03 .07 57
LBW
Depression predictor 14.61 <.001 43
 Categorical 9 1.49 (1.25–1.77) <.001 9.88 .28 18
 Continuous 2 1.04 (0.99–1.09) .10 3.31 .07 70
Study locationd 10.72 .005 32
 Developing nation 2 2.05 (1.43–2.93) <.001 0.01 .86 0
 European social democracy 3 1.16 (0.92–1.47) .20 0.22 .92 0
 United States 6 1.10 (1.01–1.21) .03 18.75 .002 73
Study qualityc 0.11 .78 0
 ≤6 3 1.59 (0.63–4.00) .33 3.52 .18 42
 >6 8 1.39 (1.11–1.73) .004 27.77 <.001 75
Effect size 0.171 .68 0
 Adjusted 7 1.17 (1.06–1.30) .003 29.06 <.001 79
 Unadjusted 4 1.27 (0.88–1.82) .20 3.13 .37 4
IUGR
Depression predictor 4.51 .04 20
 Categorical 8 1.45 (1.05–2.02) .03 14.07 .05 50
 Continuous 4 1.02 (1.00–1.04) .12 3.73 .29 20
Study locatione 4.02 .14 19
 Developing nation 2 2.22 (1.03–4.79) .04 2.11 .14 53
 European social democracy 3 1.02 (0.99–1.05) .21 1.82 .41 0
 United States 6 1.03 (0.96–1.10) .41 9.65 .09 48
Study qualityc 0.51 .49 2
 ≤6 2 2.20 (0.26–18.80) .47 2.61 .11 62
 >6 10 1.03 (0.98–1.08) .30 17.39 .04 48
Effect size 0.41 .52 2
 Adjusted 10 1.04 (0.99–1.11) .14 19.49 .20 54
 Unadjusted 2 2.17 (0.24–19.60) .49 2.71 .10 63

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; LBW, low birth weight; PTB, preterm birth.

a

Pooled effect size was estimated using the random-effects model.

b

Only 1 study was conducted in a developing nation.

c

Study quality ratings range from 0 to 12.

d

Pairwise effect of moderator for LBW: developing nation vs European social democracy, Q1=7.0, P =.01; developing nation vs United States, Q1=10.7, P =.001; European social democracy vs United States, Q1=0.2, P =.68.

e

Pairwise effect of moderator for IUGR: developing nation vs European social democracy, Q1=3.9, P =.048; developing nation vs United States, Q1=3.8, P =.05; European social democracy vs United States, Q1=0.0, P =.84.