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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jan 25.
Published in final edited form as: J Biotechnol. 2009 Jul 19;144(3):167–174. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.07.010

Table 3.

Optimal tracers for net (→) and exchange (↔) fluxes for the A549 carcinoma cell

Glycolysis
Reaction Best Tracer(s)
Glucext → G6P [1,2] & [2]Gluc
G6P → F6P [1,2]Gluc
G6P ↔ F6P [3] & [3,4]Gluc
F6P → DHAP + GAP [1,2] & [2]Gluc
DHAP → GAP [1,2]Gluc
DHAP ↔ GAP [1,2]Gluc
GAP → 3PG [1,2] & [2]Gluc
GAP ↔ 3PG none
3PG → Pyr [1,2]Gluc
Pyr → Lac [1,2] & [2]Gluc
Pyr ↔ Lac none
Lac → Lac.x [1,2] & [2]Gluc
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Reaction Best Tracer(s)
G6P → 6PG [1,2]Gluc
6PG → P5P + CO2 [1,2]Gluc
2 P5P → S7P + GAP [1,2] & [3]Gluc
2 P5P ↔ S7P + GAP [1,2]Gluc
S7P + GAP → F6P + E4P [1,2]& [3]Gluc
S7P + GAP ↔ F6P + E4P [1,2]Gluc
P5P + E4P → F6P + GAP [1,2] & [3]Gluc
P5P + E4P ↔ F6P + GAP [1,2] & [3]Gluc
TCA Cycle/Anaplerosis
Reaction Best Tracer(s)
Pyr + CO2 → OAA [U]Gln
Mal → Pyr + CO2 [U] & [3,4]Gln
Mal ↔ Pyr + CO2 [U]Gln
Pyr → AcCoAmit + CO2 [U]Gln
AcCoAmit + OAA → Cit [U]Gln
AKG + CO2 → Cit [U], [1,2] & [3,4]Gln
AKG + CO2 ↔ Cit [U]Gln
AKG → Suc + CO2 [U] & [3,4]Gln
Suc → Fum [U] & [3,4]Gln
Suc ↔ Fum [U] & [1,2]Gln
Fum → Mal [U] & [3,4]Gln
Fum ↔ Mal [U]Gln
OAA → Mal [U]Gln
OAA ↔ Mal [U]Gln
Amino Acid Metabolism
Reaction Best Tracer(s)
Glnext → Gln [3], [U] & [3,4]Gln
Gln → Glu [3], [U] & [3,4]Gln
Glu → AKG [3], [U] & [3,4]Gln
Glu ↔ AKG [U]Gln