TABLE 5.
Odds Ratios for eGFR Decline ≥ 30% by Quartiles of Diet Pattern Scores
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western | ||||
| Age and energy intake adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 1.37 (0.98,1.93) | 1.84 (1.29–2.64) | 1.95 (1.27–2.97) |
| Multivariable * | 1.00 (reference) | 1.22 (0.87,1.73) | 1.57 (1.08–2.28) | 1.48 (0.95–2.30) |
| Multivariable + analgesic medication use┼ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.22 (0.86,1.72) | 1.52 (1.04,2.20) | 1.40 (0.90,2.19) |
| Multivariable + high cholesterol or lipid lowering drug | 1.00 (reference) | 1.23 (0.87,1.73) | 1.57 (1.08–2.26) | 1.46 (0.94–2.28) |
| Multivariable + diabetes duration | 1.00 (reference) | 1.22 (0.86,1.72) | 1.58 (1.09–2.29) | 1.46 (0.94–2.28) |
| Prudent | ||||
| Age and energy intake adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 1.44 (1.05–1.97) | 1.06 (0.76–1.48) | 0.78 (0.53–1.13) |
| Multivariable* | 1.00 (reference) | 1.43 (1.04–1.98) | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) |
| Multivariable + analgesic medication use┼ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.44 (1.04,1.98) | 1.10 (0.78,1.56) | 0.82 (0.56,1.21) |
| Multivariable + high cholesterol or lipid lowering drug | 1.00 (reference) | 1.45 (1.05–2.00) | 1.09 (0.77–1.54) | 0.84 (0.57–1.23) |
| Multivariable + diabetes duration | 1.00 (reference) | 1.44 (1.04–1.98) | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) |
| DASH-style | ||||
| Age and energy intake adjusted | 1.00 (reference) | 0.87 (0.64–1.18) | 0.79 (0.58–1.09) | 0.51 (0.36–0.72) |
| Multivariable* | 1.00 (reference) | 0.86 (0.63–1.17) | 0.79 (0.57–1.09) | 0.55 (0.38–0.80) |
| Multivariable + analgesic medication use┼ | 1.00 (reference) | 0.88 ((0.65–1.21) | 0.82 (0.60–1.13) | 0.57 (0.39–0.83) |
| Multivariable + high cholesterol or lipid lowering drug | 1.00 (reference) | 0.86 (0.63–1.18) | 0.79 (0.58–1.09) | 0.55 (0.38–0.79) |
| Multivariable + diabetes duration | 1.00 (reference) | 0.87 (0.64–1.18) | 0.79 (0.58–1.09) | 0.55 (0.38–0.80) |
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; DASH, Dietary Approach to Hypertension; Q, quartile.
Adjusted for age, hypertension, body mass index, physical activity (metabolic equivalents per week), energy intake, cigarette smoking, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and ACE-inhibitor/ARB medication use. (Note: alcohol intake and eGFR did not influence results and were removed)
We mailed a supplementary questionnaire in 1999 to collect detailed information on the current use of each of the 3 analgesic medication classes (aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), and acetaminophen), including frequency in days per months, tablets per day, tablet dosage, brand, and indication for current use. The questionnaire also asked about total consumption in 2 periods: the past 10 years and before 1990. The total number of tablets taken in those 2 periods was collected in 11 categories: none, 1 to 100, 101 to 500, 501 to 1000, 1001 to 1500, 1501 to 3000, 3001 to 5000, 5001 to 10000, 10001 to 15000, 15001 to 20000, and 20001 or more. We used the combined total from the 2 periods by adding the midpoints of the categories. We converted number of tablets to lifetime intake, in grams, by multiplying the total number of tablets the midpoint of each category) by the most common dosage of each analgesic (aspirin and acetaminophen, 325 mg; and NSAIDs, 200 mg).