Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of smokers, former smokers and never smokers.
| Characteristic | Current Smoker (n = 313) | Former Smoker (n = 294) | Never Smoker (n = 634) | P Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 42.8 ± 11.1a** | 50.9 ± 13.2b | 46.2 ± 14.5c | <0.001 |
| Sex (N, %) | 0.002 | |||
| Male | 88 (28) | 91 (31) | 134 (21) | |
| Female | 225 (72) | 203 (69) | 500 (79) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.431 | |||
| Caucasian | 301 (96) | 286 (97) | 592 (93) | |
| Hispanic | 3 (1) | 5 (2) | 18 (3) | |
| African American | 7 (2) | 2 (1) | 13 (2) | |
| Other | 2 (1) | 1 (0) | 11 (2) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 152 (49) | 214 (73) | 435 (69) | |
| Single/Divorced | 161 (51) | 80 (27) | 199 (31) | |
| Years of education | 13.5 ± 2.5a | 14.6 ±2.8b | 14.8 ±2.8b | <0.001 |
| Currently employed | 77 (25) | 76 (26) | 196 (32) | 0.142 |
| Pain duration, years | 8.6 ± 9.3a | 12.0 ± 11.8b | 9.6 ± 10.9a | 0.001 |
| Primary pain site | 0.649 | |||
| Low back | 98 (31) | 78 (27) | 156 (25) | |
| Fibromyalgia | 56 (18) | 70 (24) | 131 (21) | |
| Headache | 24 (8) | 25 (9) | 69 (11) | |
| Generalized | 27 (9) | 23 (8) | 53 (8) | |
| Abdominal | 22 (7) | 18 (6) | 31 (5) | |
| Neck | 20 (6) | 18 (6) | 39 (6) | |
| Upper extremity | 11 (3) | 5 (2) | 17 (3) | |
| Lower extremity | 10 (3) | 12 (4) | 20 (3) | |
| Pelvic | 9 (3) | 6 (2) | 27 (4) | |
| Facial | 2 (1) | 3 (1) | 9 (1) | |
| Chest wall | 4 (1) | 3 (1) | 13 (2) | |
| Other | 30 (10) | 33 (11) | 69 (11) | |
| Opioid use | 168 (54) | 164 (56) | 290 (46) | 0.006 |
| Morphine equivalent dose (mg/day) | 78.9 ± 151.6a | 61.0 ± 116.6ab | 48.4 ± 104.4b | 0.005 |
*
Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables, chi-square for categorical variables.
**
Different superscripts denote Tukey HSD post-hoc statistical significance (P < 0.05) between groups, and similar superscripts denote no statistical significance.