| Basic research |
Heat-stable vaccine; Bifurcated needle; Differentiation of orthopoxviruses based on genomic sequence analysis; Search for candidate antiviral drugs with activity against Variola (disappointing results in clinical trials) |
Identification of 3 serotypes; Development of live and killed virus vaccines; Modern monovalent (type 1 or 3) and bivalent (types 1 and 3) vaccines; Sequencing of viral isolates; Search for safe and effective antiviral drugs |
Live measles vaccine strains; IgM measles antibody diagnostics; Oral fluid-based diagnostic assays; Sequencing of viral isolates to obtain epidemiologic insights; Measles H DNA vaccine (to prime very young infants immunologically so they can respond safely and effectively to current live vaccine) |
Biology of liver stage parasites; In vitro culture of P. vivax; Sensitive, simple, point of care diagnostics to detect both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections; Single encounter radical cure and prophylaxis drug; Vaccines to interrupt transmission; New effective insecticides that are safe for humans |
| Clinical research |
Immunogenicity of vaccine administered by new methods of delivery (e.g., Ped-O-Jet; bifurcated needle); Evaluation of antiviral agents (marboran, cytosine, adenine arabinoside) |
Immunogenicity of tOPV in different settings; Immunogenicity of monovalent and bivalent vaccines; Duration of OPV excretion by immunocompromised subjects |
Identification of a correlate of protection (serum plaque reduction neutralizing antibody); Immune responses following initial immunization and following booster dose; Respiratory tract administration of vaccine by small particle aerosol or by large droplet spray |
Improved measures of immune response; Identify immunologic correlates of protection |
| Field research |
Definition of transmission indices; Surveillance/containment strategy; Discovery of monkeypox |
Impact of national and subnational mass immunizations; Identification of outbreaks due to circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses; Anthropological and sociological studies to enhance local support for vaccination |
Identification of the “window of vulnerability” in infants; Impact of national and subnational mass immunizations; Coupling mass measles immunization with OPV and antihelminthic administration and bednet distribution |
Improved methods to measure malaria transmission in different settings; Improved methods for measurement of malaria morbidity and mortality; Studies of local vectors to identify points of intervention |
