Table 1.
Basic analysis of cognitive impairment and related factors. Data collected in Taiwan, 2005
| n(%) | Cognitive impairment | p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||
| 65-74 | 1347 | (63.6) | 1102 | (81.8) | 245 | (18.2) | 0.000 |
| 75+ | 772 | (36.4) | 545 | (70.6) | 227 | (29.4) | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 1102 | (52.0) | 931 | (84.5) | 171 | (15.5) | 0.000 |
| Female | 1017 | (48.0) | 716 | (70.4) | 301 | (29.6) | |
| Educational level | |||||||
| Illiterate | 624 | (29.4) | 377 | (60.4) | 247 | (39.6) | 0.000 |
| Elementary school | 997 | (47.1) | 813 | (81.5) | 184 | (18.5) | |
| High school and higher | 498 | (23.5) | 457 | (91.8) | 41 | (8.2) | |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single | 690 | (32.6) | 473 | (68.6) | 217 | (31.4) | 0.000 |
| Married | 1429 | (67.4) | 1174 | (82.2) | 255 | (17.8) | |
| Social support | |||||||
| Low | 453 | (21.4) | 309 | (68.2) | 144 | (31.8) | 0.000 |
| Moderate | 952 | (44.9) | 735 | (77.2) | 217 | (22.8) | |
| High | 714 | (33.7) | 603 | (84.5) | 111 | (15.5) | |
| Hypertension | |||||||
| No | 1216 | (57.4) | 943 | (77.5) | 273 | (22.5) | 0.833 |
| Yes | 903 | (42.6) | 704 | (78.0) | 199 | (22.0) | |
| Diabetes | |||||||
| No | 1778 | (83.9) | 1394 | (78.4) | 384 | (21.6) | 0.089 |
| Yes | 341 | (16.1) | 253 | (74.2) | 88 | (25.8) | |
| Heart disease | |||||||
| No | 1744 | (82.3) | 1363 | (78.2) | 381 | (21.8) | 0.306 |
| Yes | 375 | (17.7) | 284 | (75.7) | 91 | (24.3) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | |||||||
| No | 1654 | (78.1) | 1258 | (76.1) | 396 | (23.9) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 465 | (21.9) | 389 | (83.7) | 76 | (16.3) | |
| Stroke | |||||||
| No | 2011 | (94.9) | 1581 | (78.6) | 430 | (21.4) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 108 | (5.1) | 66 | (61.1) | 42 | (38.9) | |
| Physical function | |||||||
| Normal | 958 | (45.2) | 841 | (87.8) | 117 | (12.2) | 0.000 |
| Mild limitation | 468 | (22.1) | 381 | (81.4) | 87 | (18.6) | |
| Moderate limitation | 523 | (24.7) | 337 | (64.4) | 186 | (35.6) | |
| Severe limitation | 170 | (8.0) | 88 | (51.8) | 82 | (48.2) | |
| Depressive symptoms | |||||||
| No | 1732 | (81.7) | 1399 | (80.8) | 333 | (19.2) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 387 | (18.3) | 248 | (64.1) | 139 | (35.9) | |
| Self-rated health | |||||||
| Poor | 468 | (22.1) | 311 | (66.5) | 157 | (33.5) | 0.000 |
| Fair | 876 | (41.3) | 692 | (79.0) | 184 | (21.0) | |
| Good | 775 | (36.6) | 644 | (83.1) | 131 | (16.9) | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||
| Non-drinkers | 1803 | (85.1) | 1390 | (77.1) | 413 | (22.9) | 0.067 |
| Light drinkers | 166 | (7.8) | 141 | (84.9) | 25 | (15.1) | |
| Moderate to heavy drinkers | 150 | (7.1) | 116 | (77.3) | 34 | (22.7) | |
| Cigarette smoking | |||||||
| Never smokers | 1512 | (71.4) | 1144 | (75.7) | 368 | (24.3) | 0.003 |
| Ex-smokers | 231 | (10.9) | 189 | (81.8) | 42 | (18.2) | |
| Light smokers | 196 | (9.2) | 160 | (81.6) | 36 | (18.4) | |
| Heavy smokers | 180 | (8.5) | 154 | (85.6) | 26 | (14.4) | |
| Betel quid chewing | |||||||
| Never chewers | 1935 | (91.3) | 1509 | (78.0) | 426 | (22.0) | 0.200 |
| Ever chewers | 184 | (8.7) | 138 | (75.0) | 46 | (25.0) | |
| Leisure-time physical activity | |||||||
| No | 846 | (39.9) | 598 | (70.7) | 248 | (29.3) | 0.000 |
| Low amount | 614 | (29.0) | 486 | (79.2) | 128 | (20.8) | |
| Moderate to vigorous amount | 659 | (31.1) | 563 | (85.4) | 96 | (14.6) | |
| Occupational physical activity | |||||||
| No | 1694 | (79.9) | 1311 | (77.4) | 383 | (22.6) | 0.162 |
| Low amount | 146 | (6.9) | 124 | (84.9) | 22 | (15.1) | |
| Moderate amount | 139 | (6.6) | 107 | (77.0) | 32 | (23.0) | |
| Vigorous amount | 140 | (6.6) | 105 | (75.0) | 35 | (25.0) | |
| Milk consumption | |||||||
| No | 600 | (28.3) | 454 | (75.7) | 146 | (24.3) | 0.085 |
| Yes | 1519 | (73.7) | 1193 | (78.5) | 326 | (21.5) | |
| Fruits and vegetables consumption | |||||||
| Low frequency | 106 | (5.0) | 69 | (65.1) | 37 | (34.9) | 0.000 |
| Medium frequency | 792 | (37.4) | 580 | (73.2) | 212 | (26.8) | |
| High frequency | 1221 | (57.6) | 998 | (81.7) | 223 | (18.3) | |
| Coffee intake | |||||||
| No | 1415 | (66.8) | 1034 | (73.1) | 381 | (26.9) | 0.000 |
| Less than once per week | 439 | (20.7) | 370 | (84.3) | 69 | (15.7) | |
| More than once per week | 265 | (12.5) | 243 | (91.7) | 22 | (8.3) | |
| Tea intake | |||||||
| No | 770 | (36.3) | 548 | (71.2) | 222 | (28.8) | 0.000 |
| Less than once per week | 373 | (17.6) | 284 | (76.1) | 89 | (23.9) | |
| More than once per week | 976 | (46.1) | 815 | (83.5) | 161 | (16.5) | |
| Multivitamin intake | |||||||
| No | 1665 | (78.6) | 1263 | (75.9) | 402 | (24.1) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 454 | (21.4) | 384 | (84.6) | 70 | (15.4) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| Low (< 19) | 113 | (5.3) | 74 | (65.5) | 39 | (34.5) | 0.004 |
| Normal (19 to 24) | 965 | (45.5) | 748 | (77.5) | 217 | (22.5) | |
| Overweight or obese (> 24) | 1041 | (49.1) | 825 | (79.3) | 216 | (20.7) | |