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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Geriatr Med. 2011 Feb;27(1):1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.009

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Theoretical model of the association of life space with the clinical syndrome of frailty. Solid and dashed lines represent direct and indirect effects, respectively; arrows represent causal direction. (Xue QL, Fried LP, Glass TA, et al. Life-space constriction, development of frailty, and the competing risk of mortality: the Women’s Health And Aging Study I. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167(2):240–8, by permission of Oxford University Press.)