FIG. 2.

Altered behaviors and impaired learning and memory in PAK1/PAK3 DK mice. (A) Open-field test showing increased travel distance and speed and reduced rest time in the DK mice. (B, C) Elevated plus maze test showing decreased open-arm entries (B) and total time spent in the open arms (C) in the DK mice. (D) Fear memory training phase showing similar responses between genotypes before and after the tone/shock presentation. (E and F) Fear memory test carried out 1 h after the training, showing lack of freezing in both contextual (E) and cued (F) tests in the DK mice. (G) Learning acquisition phase in the hidden-platform water maze test, showing prolonged swim distances to locate the platform in the DK mice. (H) Probe test carried out 1 h after the fifth day of water maze training, showing reduced time to explore the target zone in the DK mice. (I) Swim speed showing no significant differences between genotypes. n = number of animals.