TABLE 1.
Peptidoglycan modifications and their effects
| Peptidoglycan modification and genea | Species | Phenotype | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| O-acetylation of MurNAc in Gram-positive bacteriab | |||
| oatA | Staphylococcus aureus | Lysozyme resistance | Bera et al. (5) |
| Resistance to macrophage killing | Shimada et al. (72) | ||
| Limits host cytokine responses | Shimada et al. (72) | ||
| oatA (63) | Enterococcus faecalis | Lysozyme resistance | Hébert et al. (30) |
| Intracellular survival within macrophages | Hébert et al. (30) | ||
| oatA (58) | Lactococcus lactis | Lysozyme resistance | Veiga et al. (79) |
| Upregulated during envelope stress | Veiga et al. (79) | ||
| adr (52) | Streptococcus pneumoniae | Lysozyme resistance | Crisóstomo et al. (15) |
| Penicillin resistance | Crisóstomo et al. (15) | ||
| Virulence factor | Davis et al. (16) | ||
| O-acetylation of MurNAc in Gram-negative bacteriab | |||
| pacA/pacB | Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Lysozyme resistance | Dillard and Hackett (18) |
| Resistance to autolysis | Dillard and Hackett (18) | ||
| pacA/pacB (97) | Neisseria meningitidis | Lysozyme resistance | Dillard and Hackett (18) |
| Resistance to autolysis | Dillard and Hackett (18) | ||
| N-deacetylation of GlcNAc | |||
| pgdA | Streptococcus pneumoniae | Lysozyme resistance | Vollmer and Tomasz (83) |
| Virulence factor | Vollmer et al. (82) | ||
| pgdA (53) | Enterococcus faecalis | Lysozyme resistance | Hébert et al. (30) |
| pgdA (21) | Helicobacter pylori | Lysozyme resistance | Wang et al. (85) |
| Upregulated during oxidative stress | Wang et al. (85) | ||
| pgdA (60) | Listeria monocytogenes | Lysozyme resistance | Boneca et al. (6) |
| Limits host cytokine responses | Boneca et al. (6) | ||
| Intracellular survival within macrophages | Boneca et al. (6) | ||
| Upregulated during infection | Camejo et al. (7) | ||
| pgdA (70) | Streptococcus suis | Lysozyme resistance | Fittipaldi et al. (21) |
| Resistance to neutrophil killing | Fittipaldi et al. (21) | ||
| Promotes host cytokine responses | Fittipaldi et al. (21) | ||
| Upregulated during incubation with neutrophils | Fittipaldi et al. (21) | ||
| N-glycolylation of MurNAc | |||
| namH | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Lysozyme resistance | Raymond et al. (65) |
| β-Lactam resistance | Raymond et al. (65) | ||
| Promotes host cytokine responses | Coulombe et al. (13) |
a
The first gene identified is listed first in each category, with the percent sequence similarity over the enzymatic domains listed next to the other genes.
b
O-acetylation genes were separated based on Gram strain reaction, because Gram-negative organisms use two proteins to acetylate MurNAc wherease Gram-positive organisms use a single protein.