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IFN-β expression in RIG-I/MDA5 pathway knockout MEFs infected with WT or mutant HPIV1. RIG-I and MDA5 knockout MEFs (A) and TBK1 and IKKɛ double-knockout MEFs (B) were infected with WT, F170S, or P(C−) HPIV1 at a MOI of 5 for 48 h. IFN-β expression was measured by real-time PCR and normalized to mock-infected control MEFs. *, P < 0.01 compared to control MEFs infected with the same virus.
