PKR activation during infection with WT and mutant HPIV1. A549 cells were infected with WT, F170S, or P(C−) HPIV1 at an MOI of 5 for 24 or 48 h. PKR phosphorylation, total PKR, eIF2α (EIF2A) phosphorylation, total eIF2α, total MDA5, and C proteins were detected by Western blotting.