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IFN-β expression induced by infection with WT and mutant HPIV1 during PKR knockdown. Stable 293 cells expressing the shPKR and control shCON small hairpin RNAs were infected with WT, F170S, or P(C−) HPIV1 at an MOI of 5 for 48 h. IFN-β expression was measured by real-time PCR and normalized to mock-infected shCON cells. *, P < 0.01 compared to control 293A cells infected with the same virus.
