Table 1.
Comparison between the three studies in Benin
| Ouidah pre-trial study (2004–2005) | Ouidah clinical trial (2005–2008) | Tori Bossito (2007–2008) | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of women | 1,090 | 609 | 617 | |
| Area | Semi-rural | Semi-rural | Rural | |
| Malaria prophylaxis | CQ | IPTp (SP or MQ) | IPTp SP (±CQ) | |
| Gravidity status | ||||
| Multigravidity | 823 (75.5) | 464 (76.2) | 522 (85.2) | |
| Primigravidity | 267 (24.5) | 145 (23.8) | 91 (14.8) | P < 10−3 |
| Mean age (years) | 25.4 (SD = 5.9; range = 13–44) | 25.2 (SD = 5.5; range = 15–45) | 27.4 (SD = 5.6; range = 16–49) | P < 10−3 |
| Age class | ||||
| ≤ 20 | 255 (23.8) | 141 (23.1) | 84 (13.8) | |
| 21–25 | 373 (34.8) | 230 (37.8) | 149 (24.4) | P < 10−3 |
| 26–30 | 244 (22.8) | 145 (23.8) | 217 (35.5) | |
| > 30 | 200 (18.6) | 93 (15.3) | 161 (26.3) | |
| Education of women | ||||
| No education | 527 (50.1) | 289 (47.4) | 519 (84.8) | |
| Partial primary | 359 (34.2) | 231 (37.9) | 64 (10.5) | |
| Complete primary | 165 (15.7) | 89 (14.6) | 19 (3.1) | |
| Secondary or more | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 10 (1.6) | P < 10−3 |
| Number of ANVs | ||||
| ≤ 3 ANVs | 400 (37.2) | 157 (26.3) | 255 (43.7) | |
| > 3 ANVs | 676 (62.8) | 439 (73.7) | 329 (56.3) | P < 10−3 |
| Placental malaria† | ||||
| Yes | 176 (16.7) | 17 (2.9) | 68 (11.2) | |
| No | 876 (83.3) | 568 (97.1) | 538 (88.8) | P < 10−3 |
| Bed net use | ||||
| No | 246 (24.4) | 155 (25.4) | 204 (33.7) | |
| Yes | 764 (75.6) | 454 (74.55) | 401 (66.3) | P < 10−3 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 568 (52.1) | 285 (46.9) | 288 (49.2) | P = 0.11 |
| Male | 522 (47.9) | 323 (53.1) | 298 (50.8) | |
| Average birth weight (g) | 2,876.2 (SD = 491.2; range = 800–5,000) | 3,059.8 (SD = 433.3; range = 1,340–4,434) | 2,979.0 (SD = 402.2; range = 1,430–4,460) | P < 10−3 |
| LBW | ||||
| No | 916 (84.3) | 556 (91.3) | 529 (90.0) | P < 10−3 |
| Yes | 171 (15.7) | 53 (8.7) | 59 (10.0) |
CQ = chloroquine; MQ = mefloquine; IPTp = intermittent preventive treatment; ANVs = antenatal visits; CI = confidence interval; SD = standard deviation.
*
Statistically significant (P < 0.05).
†
Defined as the presence of asexual stage parasites in the placental thick blood smear.