Fig. 1.

Overview of chondrichthyan pharyngeal endoskeletal anatomy and branchial ray distribution. Visceral skeletal preparations of (A and B) the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea), (C and D) the white-spotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum), and (E and F) a holocephalan Callorhinchus milii (mandibular arch removed). A, C, and E are ventral views (anterior to the top); B, D, and F are lateral views (anterior to the left). In each panel, branchial ray-bearing arches are indicated by an asterisk. ga1–5, gill arches 1–5; ha, hyoid arch; ma, mandibular arch. (Scale bars, 1 mm.)