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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biomaterials. 2010 Dec 8;32(7):1856–1864. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.032

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effects of scale (1L or 2L), seeding method (M or LN), and culture method (static or bioreactor) on cell appearance and excitation threshold. (A,B) 1L constructs seeded using (A) M or (B) LN and cultured statically shown by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy after actin-phalloidin staining; arrows point to cells; asterisk indicates the scaffold. Scale bars: 50 μm. (C-F) 2L constructs based seeded using (C,D) M or (E,F) LN and cultured (C,E) statically or (D,F) with perfusion shown by light microscopy after histological sectioning and TUNEL staining; apoptotic cells appear brown; asterisk indicates the scaffold. Scale bars: 50 μm. (G,H) Excitation thresholds (ET) measured for (G) 1L and (H) 2L constructs seeded using M or LN and cultured statically or with perfusion showing significant interactive effects of seeding and culture methods (p=0.04 for 1L; p=0.013 for 2L). Data are the average ± SEM of n=4 one-layered and n=6 two-layered constructs.