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(a) Meridional sectional view of shrouded (closed) centrifugal pump illustrating typical retrograde flow in the clearance between the shroud and housing. (b) Meridional section of unshrouded (semi-open) impeller. (c) Typical tip leakage flow for unshrouded impeller from pressure-side to suction-side of blade, illustrating the formation of tip leakage vortex.
