Effect of L. pneumophila infection on the expression of caspase-1, IL-1β, NLRC4, and ASC in human monocytes. Primary human monocytes were infected or not (NT) with L. pneumophila for 4 and 24 h at a multiplicity of infection of 1. The expression of caspase-1 (A), IL-1β (B), NLRC4 (C), and PYCARD/ASC (D), mRNA (upper panels), and protein levels (lower panels) were assessed using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The results are displayed as the mean of three independent experiments ± S.D. (*, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01). Actin was used as a loading control in all panels.