Table 2.

Study 2: Participant Characteristics at Baseline and Post*

Parameter	Group	Baseline	Post	Change
Age (y)	CONTROL	54 ± 5
	CARB	59 ± 2
	CHICKEN	60 ± 2
	BEEF	58 ± 2
Height (cm)	CONTROL	163 ± 2
	CARB	164 ± 1
	CHICKEN	162 ± 1
	BEEF	164 ± 1
Body mass† (kg)	CONTROL	79.8 ± 3.4	79.1 ± 3.7	−1.2 ± 0.4
	CARB	75.9 ± 2.4	70.3 ± 2.4	−5.6 ± 0.5‡
	CHICKEN	76.2 ± 2.8	67.3 ± 2.6	−7.9 ± 0.7‡
	BEEF	81.0 ± 2.5	74.4 ± 2.6	−6.6 ± 0.7‡
Body mass index† (kg/cm2)	CONTROL	30.1 ± 1.1	29.8 ± 1.2	−0.3 ± 0.2
	CARB	28.4 ± 0.9	26.3 ± 0.9	−2.1 ± 0.2‡
	CHICKEN	29.1 ± 1.1	26.1 ± 1.0	−3.0 ± 0.3‡
	BEEF	30.1 ± 0.8	27.6 ± 0.9	−2.5 ± 0.3‡
Fat mass† (kg)	CONTROL	35.3 ± 2.9	35.9 ± 3.2	0.6 ± 1.1
	CARB	33.5 ± 2.0	29.6 ± 2.0	−3.9 ± 0.4‡
	CHICKEN	32.9 ± 1.9	27.3 ± 1.7	−5.6 ± 0.6‡
	BEEF	35.4 ± 2.1	31.1 ± 2.2	−4.3 ± 0.6‡
Fat-free mass† (kg)	CONTROL	44.5 ± 1.0	44.5 ± 0.9	0.0 ± 0.3
	CARB	42.4 ± 0.8	40.7 ± 0.7	−1.7 ± 0.3‡
	CHICKEN	43.3 ± 1.2	41.0 ± 1.1	−2.3 ± 0.3‡
	BEEF	45.5 ± 0.9	43.3 ± 0.8	−2.2 ± 0.3‡
Total bone mineral density† (g/cm2)	CONTROL	1.166 ± 0.028	1.166 ± 0.028	−0.0000 ± 0.004
	CARB	1.111 ± 0.026	1.107 ± 0.026	−0.0038 ± 0.003
	CHICKEN	1.143 ± 0.024	1.131 ± 0.024	−0.0123 ± 0.003‡
	BEEF	1.140 ± 0.026	1.126 ± 0.025	−0.0145 ± 0.003‡
Total bone mineral content (g)	CONTROL	2542 ± 88	2548 ± 95	7 ± 21
	CARB	2377 ± 81	2354 ± 88	−23 ± 20
	CHICKEN	2242 ± 76	2445 ± 81	3 ± 18
	BEEF	2463 ± 78	2480 ± 84	18 ± 19
Total bone area (cm2)	CONTROL	2170 ± 48	2176 ± 53	6 ± 21
	CARB	2140 ± 44	2127 ± 49	−12 ± 20
	CHICKEN	2130 ± 41	2152 ± 45	23 ± 18
	BEEF	2165 ± 43	2205 ± 47	40 ± 19

Notes: *Mean ± SEM; BEEF = moderate protein beef group (n = 14), CHICKEN = moderate protein chicken group (n = 15), CARB = lower protein, lacto-ovo vegetarian group (n = 14), and CONTROL = nonintervention control group (n = 11).

^†Significant group-by-time interaction p < .05.

^‡Significant difference compared with control p < .05.