Table 2. Individual and cluster characteristics by malaria endemicity.
| Cluster P. falciparum prevalence in adults | |||||
| 0-9.9%(n = 60) | 10-24.9%(n = 70) | 25-49.9%(n = 104) | ≥50%(n = 66) | P-value for trend | |
| Cluster characteristics | |||||
| Altitude, mean, m | 1018 (865–1172) | 754 (613–896) | 716 (634–798) | 658 (541–775) | <0.01 |
| Rural | 38.3 (25.9–50.8) | 50 (38.1–61.8) | 61.5 (52.1–71) | 80.3 (70.6–90) | <0.01 |
| Adults | |||||
| Age, mean, y | 29.1 (28.7–29.6) | 29.1 (28.7–29.6) | 29.9 (29.5–30.3) | 30.7 (30.1–31.2) | <0.01 |
| Female sex | 54.3 (52.1–56.6) | 53.3 (51.2–55.4) | 51.1 (49.3–52.8) | 48 (45.7–50.4) | <0.01 |
| Wealth index, mean a | 3.9 (3.9–4) | 3.5 (3.4–3.5) | 2.8 (2.8–2.9) | 2.3 (2.2–2.3) | <0.01 |
| P. malariae prevalence b | 1.1 (0.6–1.6) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 2.9 (2.3–3.5) | 3.9 (2.9–4.7) | <0.01 |
| P. ovale prevalence b | 0.2 (0–0.3) | 0.2 (0–0.4) | 0.4 (0.1–0.6) | 0.6 (0.3–1) | 0.08 |
| Women who received any antimalarial during last pregnancy | 46.2 (40.4–51.9) | 44.2 (37.9–50.3) | 36.9 (32.2–41.5) | 33 (28.4–37.8) | <0.01 |
| Pregnant women who slept under ITN | 18.5 (13–24) | 11.4 (6.3–16.6) | 13.2 (9.1–17.3) | 11.9 (7.1—16.5) | 0.22 |
| Children under 5 years old | |||||
| Household owns ITN | 11.4 (8.5–14.4) | 10.1 (6.9–13.4) | 10.3 (7.1–13.5) | 7.9 (4.2–11.5) | 0.58 |
| Slept under ITN | 9.2 (6.4–12.1) | 8.6 (5.7–11.5) | 9.6 (6.4–12.7) | 7.1 (3.7–10.6) | 0.74 |
| Slept under no bednet | 66.7 (60–73.1) | 73.2 (67.4–79) | 73.6 (68.6–78.5) | 80.8 (75.8–85.7) | 0.01 |
| Recent fever | 29.2 (26–32.5) | 28.7 (25.8–31.7) | 34.6 (31.4–37.8) | 34.1 (30.3–38) | 0.01 |
| Recent cough | 34.5 (31.3–37.6) | 32.3 (28.7–35.9) | 37.4 (34–40.9) | 34.9 (30.4–39.3) | 0.23 |
| Recent diarrhea | 15.7 (13.8–17.5) | 15.5 (13.1–17.9) | 16.6 (14.6–18.7) | 16.3 (14–18.7) | 0.87 |
| Treatment sought for fever/cough | 27.4 (23.1–31.7) | 25.8 (21.4–30.1) | 30.3 (26.5–34.2) | 30 (25.2–34.8) | 0.4 |
| Treatment sought for diarrhea | 37.1 (29.3–45) | 41.7 (33.4–50) | 35.2 (28.4–42) | 28.1 (21–35.2) | 0.12 |
| Ever received any vaccination | 82.3 (78.1–86.5) | 82.7 (77.9–87.5) | 78 (73.6–82.4) | 76.8 (71.4–82.1) | 0.24 |
Values are expressed as percentages unless otherwise indicated; those in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals. ITN, insecticide-treated bednet.
a
Quintiles of 1 (poorest) – 5 (wealthiest) based on household ownership of goods owned and lodging characteristics.
b
Includes mixed-species parasitemias.