Figure 1.

JC-1 staining of infected RBCs shows loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ_m) in Plasmodium falciparum parasites treated with drugs. (a) The proportion of JC1-positive parasites are represented in a bar chart to show populations pretreated with vehicle control, 10 μM 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4HT) or 50 μM z-VAD-fmk (zVAD) and subjected to 8-h treatment with vehicle control , 30 μM chloroquine or 10 μM of staurosporine . Data represent means±S.E. (AvB, AvC and BvF, P<0.001; BvE, P<0.01; BvD, P<0.05; N=4) In each experiment, the full set of treatment conditions were carried out concurrently with the same batch of cells. Percentages represent ratios normalized to the healthy control population in each experiment. (b) Confocal microscopy of an uninfected erythrocyte and a trophozoite-infected erythrocyte (adjoining panels) with JC-1 monomer (green) accumulation in the parasite cytoplasm and J-aggregate (red) in the rod-shaped mitochondria of the same cell. (c) Flow cytometry histograms showing the gating of JC1(red)-positive and JC1(green)-positive populations, the ratio of which represents the JC1-positive population